American Literature 1620-2020

 

CONTACT

HOME PAGE
ABOUT THE SITE
MODEL OF METAPHORS
BIOGRAPHY
SIGNS
NOVELS



GENERAL

INDEX

       

a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z 

 

INDEXES:



  wit & humor
  quotations
  reviews
  analysis:
          novels
          stories
          poems
          plays
          films
  General Index



KEY TERMS



irony
metaphor
symbol
archetype
allegory
obj. correlative
iceberg principle
dissociation
individuation
puritan
pastoral
transcendental


Abbey, Edward (1927-1989), The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), eco-terrorist novel: analysis

Abish, Walter (1931- ), How German Is It (1980), sociopathetic Postmodernist consciousness: analysis

Adams, Henry (1838-1918), The Education of Henry Adams (1907), historian's influential autobiography
    57 quotations of Adams:
        youth, education, belief, experience, intelligence, objectivity, history, free speech, philosophy,
        friendship, friends in power, women, Victorianism, love, politics, society, morality, law, human
        nature, Naturalism, Realism, science, death.

Adler, Renata, Speedboat (1976), Expressionistic Postmodernist fragments: analysis
        Expressionism

agrarianism

Aiken, Conrad (1889-1973), "Herman Melville" (1958)

Alcott, Louisa May (1832-1888): major popular Victorian novelist worldwide
    Introduction to Alcott
    58 quotations:
        youth, education, society, character, aspiration, writing, fame, friendship, woman, love,
        Victorianism, modern Feminism, faith in self-reliance, utopianism, literature, censors
        Mark Twain, advice, death.
    Little Women I & II (1868,69): Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy,
        Personal Essays, Scholarship
(1999): Table of Contents
        46 brief responses to Little Women
        how radical Feminists revised Little Women (1983): analysis
    Feminism in American literature

Alcuin (1797), first feminist tract in America, Charles Brockden Brown: quotations

allegory

America as a symbol: brief history & 130 quotations

"American Authors" (c.1848): group portrait before emergence of Melville, Thoreau, and Whitman

American authors of 20th century most prized by book collectors (1991)

American dramas: Index to analyses of 33 American plays by the major dramatists
    Postmodernism: drama

American fiction, The Four Narrative Methods and Other Techniques in: Caroline Gordon & Allen Tate

American films: Index to analyses of 28 literary films, mostly adaptations of classics
    Postmodernism: Hollywood

American "higher" education since the 1960s

American Indian captivity narratives: list and commentary
    "The Captive" (1932), Caroline Gordon: white woman captured by Indians: analysis by 12 critics

American Indian literature:

    Chief Tahgahjute of the Cayuga & Mingoes protests atrocity (1774)
    Chief Brant of the Mohawks appeals for redress for loss of land (1776)
    Chief Sogoyewapha (Red Jacket) of the Senecas defends his religion (1805)
    Chief Tecumseh of the Shawnee demands land rights (1810)
    Chief Tecumseh accuses British general of cowardice (1813)
    Chief Pushmataha of the Chocktaw expresses friendship to whites (1824)
    Chief Black Hawk of the Sac laments defeat with defiance (1832)
    Chief Waowawanaonk of the Iroquois asks to be buried in New York (1847)
    Chief Seattle of the Salish accepts treaty (1854): analysis
    Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce surrenders (1877): commentary
    Black Elk Speaks (1932), ed. John Neihardt: 56 quotations
            from the major work of Indian literature humor from Black Elk Speaks
    House Made of Dawn (1968), novel, N. Scott Momaday: analysis by 4 critics
        The Way to Rainy Mountain (1969), mixed genres: analysis by 20 critics
    Ceremony (1977), Leslie Marmon Silko: analysis
    Love Medicine (1984,1993), Louise Erdrich: analysis by 5 critics
        The Beet Queen (1986): analysis by 2 critics
        Tracks (1988): analysis by 4 critics
    Winterkill (1984), Craig Lesley, novel of contemporary NW Indian life: review
    Winter in the Blood (1974), novel, James Welch: review
        The Death of Jim Loney (1979): review
        Fools Crow (1986), historical novel about last stand of the Blackfeet: review
        The Indian Lawyer (1990): review

American literary fiction about wars:

    The American Revolution: list
    The Civil War: list
    World War I: list
    World War II: list
    Vietnam War: list
    Iraq/Afghanistan Wars

American literary fictions containing spirits and ghosts, the 19 best:

    The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Nathaniel Hawthorne: analysis
    The Turn of the Screw (1898), Henry James: analysis by 20 critics
    "The Jolly Corner" (1898), James: analysis by 12 critics
    The Octopus (1901), Frank Norris: analysis by 15 critics
    "Flowering Judas" (1930), Katherine Anne Porter: analysis by 30 critics
    "The Cracked Looking-Glass" (1932), Porter: analysis by 14 critics
    "The Enemies" (1938), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 4 critics
    Pale Horse, Pale Rider (1939), Katherine Anne Porter: analysis by 28 critics
    The Women on the Porch (1944), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 22 critics
    "The Presence" (1948), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 9 critics
    The Strange Children (1951), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 15 critics
    The Violent Bear It Away (1960), Flannery O'Connor: analysis by 33 critics
    The Glory of Hera (1972), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 31 critics
    Journey to Ixtlan (1972), Carlos Castaneda: commentary
    The Woman Warrior (1976), Maxine Hong Kingston: analysis by 21 critics
    Housekeeping (1980), Marilynne Robinson: analysis by chapter
    The River Why? (1983), David James Duncan: 7 reviews
    Beloved (1988), Toni Morrison: analysis by 24 critics
    The Road (2006), Cormac McCarthy:analysis in detail

American literary fictions of the 20th-century counterculture (1958-76):

    Postmodernism: countercultural fiction
    On the Road (1958), bible of the Beatniks, Jack Kerouac: analysis
    "The Beat Generation" (1959), Wolfgang Fleischmann
    Naked Lunch (1959), gay & drug shock fiction, William Burroughs: review
    "Mass Society and Postmodern Fiction" (1959), Irving Howe
    Catch-22 (1961), WWII absurdist metaphor of war, Joseph Heller: analysis by 7 critics
    "10 Rebel Victim Types" (1962), Ihab Hassan
    One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), freedom vs society, Ken Kesey: analysis by 15 critics
    The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), cynical Expressionist satire, Thomas Pynchon: analysis by chapter
        25 critics discuss The Crying of Lot 49 as epitome of Postmodernism
    Trout Fishing in America (1967), flimsy hip pastoralism, Richard Brautigan: analysis by 2 critics
    The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), hip bus tour of Kesey & pranksters, Tom Wolfe: analysis
    Slaughterhouse Five (1969), anti-WWII bombing, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.: analysis by Michael Crichton
    Another Roadside Attraction (1972), adolescent hippie cartoon, Tom Robbins: countercultural fiction
    Journey to Ixtlan (1972), Carlos Casteneda: atheist sorcerer wars against society--drug trips
    The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), eco-terrorist manual, Edward Abbey: analysis
    Going after Cacciato (1976), anti-Vietnam War, impressive style, Tim O'Brien: analysis by 2 critics

American literary forms:

    Rise of the novel
    Primary modes of the novel
    Historical survey: the short story to 1957, Wallace Stegner
    Historical survey: free verse

American literary modes:

    Puritanism
    Neoclassicism
    Romanticism
    Realism
    Naturalism
    Impressionism
    Imagism
    Expressionism
    Modernism
    Postmodernism
    Minimalism
    Gothicism
    Victorianism

American literary novels about Hollywood: annotated list

American literature:

    periods of (1620-present)
    cycle of, by Robert E. Spiller (1957)
    most seminal idea of 17th century: "Liberty is the proper end and object of authority." Winthrop
    most seminal idea of 18th century: "All men are created equal." Jefferson
    most seminal idea of 19th century: "Nature is the symbol of spirit." Emerson
    most seminal idea of 20th century: "Unreal City. I had not thought death had undone so many." Eliot
    most successful hoax: The Crucible (1953), Arthur Miller: analysis by 18 critics

American literature and the academy:

    New Criticism
    Postmodernism
    A New Life (1961), leftist novel by Bernard Malamud: quotations
    Modern Language Association politicized (1968)
    Feminism in American literature: Four Modes
    Feminist period of American literature (1970-present)
    Feminist censorship laws
    Political Correctness (PC) & backlash
    How Feminnists Censored Hemingway
    how Feminists censored Hemingway's last novel The Garden of Eden (1986): analysis
    White Noise (1985), satire of higher education by Don DeLillo: analysis by chapter
        30 critics discuss White Noise
        Feminist misreading of White Noise debunked: analysis
    Oleanna (1992), play dramatizing Feminist fascism in higher ed by David Mamet: analysis by act
    "University Life" (1997), satire of PC by A. B. Paulson: analysis
        excerpt from "University Life": humor
    Hollister vs Tuttle, et al (2001): federal court ruling against Feminist censorship
    from Hollyworld (2006), Feminist professors rule: autobiographical fiction by Hollister
    "What Killed American Lit" (2011)
    "Me Studies" (2013), satire by Mead Embry (pseudonym of English professor)
    prizewinning example of the worst academic writing: unintentional humor exposes Feminist
    Feminist Mein Kampf (2018): hoax exposes Feminazis

American literature, attacks upon:

    Postmodernism
    Feminism in American literature: Four Modes
    Feminist Period (1970-present)
    Political Correctness
    "Apparently Someone in the Department" (2004), anti-PC poem by George Drew
    "The Decline of the English Department" (2009)
    Feminists Killed the classics (2018)
    Worst analyses of American literature:
        Feminists assault The Blithedale Romance (1852), Nathaniel Hawthorne
        Feminists revise Little Women(1868,69)
        Feminists resemble Miss Watson in Huckleberry Finn (1884), Mark Twain
        Liberals lie about None Shall Look Back (1937), Caroline Gordon
        Feminists pervert The Mountain Lion (1947), Jean Stafford
        Atheists blind to The Violent Bear It Away (1960), Flannery O'Connor
        Postmodernist critics are fools on Ship of Fools (1962), Katherine Anne Porter
        Feminists misread White Noise (1985) by Don DeLillo
        Feminists censor Hemingway's last novel, The Garden of Eden (1986)
        Feminist smears and The Heath Anthology of [anti-]American Literature (1989)

American literature, belief in God

American literature, Christ-evoking figures in: over 80 examples

American literature, Feminism in: 4 modes

American literature, most underrated writers in: Caroline Gordon (1895-1981), Introduction forthcoming
                                                                             Wallace Stegner (1909-1993), Introduction

American literature, Nature in: 6 perspectives

American literature, Socialism opposed in: 40 writers quoted

American novel contrasted to British:

    analysis by Elizabeth Janeway (1954)
    analysis by Richard Chase (1955)

American novels containing multiple coinciding allegories:

    The Scarlet Letter (1850), Nathaniel Hawthorne: analysis by chapter
        50 critics discuss The Scarlet Letter
    Moby-Dick (1851), Herman Melville: concise analysis with 30 key metaphors
        Moby-Dick contrasted to Pym (1838) by Poe
        50 critics discuss Moby-Dick
    The Blithedale Romance (1852), Hawthorne: analysis in detail
    Huckleberry Finn (1884), Mark Twain: analysis by chapter
        Rebuttals to 12 aesthetic and racial criticisms of Huckleberry Finn
    The Professor's House (1925), Willa Cather: analysis by chapter
        12 critics discuss The Professor's House
    The Great Gatsby (1925), F. Scott Fitzgerald: analysis by chapter
        50 critics discuss The Great Gatsby
    The Sound and the Fury (1929), William Faulkner: analysis by section
        50 critics discuss The Sound and the Fury
    As I Lay Dying (1930), Faulkner: analysis by 15 critics
    None Shall Look Back (1937), Gordon, Caroline: analysis in detail
    Invisible Man (1952), Ralph Ellison: analysis by chapter
        40 critics discuss Invisible Man
    Henderson the Rain King (1959), Saul Bellow: analysis by 11 critics
    Ship of Fools (1962), Katherine Anne Porter: analysis in detail
        42 critics discuss Ship of Fools

American novels: Index to analyses of over 250 novels

American novels most underrated:

    None Shall Look Back (1937), Gordon, Caroline: analysis in detail
    The Catherine Wheel (1952) Jean Stafford: analysis in detail
    The Violent Bear it Away (1960), Flannery O'Connor: analysis by chapter
    Ship of Fools (1962), Katherine Anne Porter: analysis in detail
    All the Little Live Things (1967), Wallace Stegner: analysis by chapter
    Sleepless Nights (1979), Elizabeth Hardwick: analysis in detail

American novels, the 10 best since 1980:

    The Second Coming (1980), Walker Percy: analysis by 5 critics
    Housekeeping (1980), Marilynne Robinson: analysis by chapter
         3 critics discuss Housekeeping
    White Noise (1985), Don DeLillo: analysis by chapter
        30 critics discuss White Noise
        Feminist misreading of White Noise debunked
    Blood Meridian (1985), Cormac McCarthy: analysis by 20 critics
    Crossing to Safety (1987), Wallace Stegner: review
    The Thanatos Syndrome (1987), Walker Percy: analysis by 3 critics
    Beloved (1988), Toni Morrison: analysis by 24 critics
        Review of Beloved by Margaret Atwood
    All the Pretty Horses (1992), McCarthy: analysis by 12 critics
    Gilead (2004), Robinson: 6 reviews
    The Road (2006), McCarthy: analysis in detail
        3 critics discuss God in The Road
    Home (2008), Robinson: 6 reviews
    Lila (2014), Robinson: 10 reviews

American poems, the 8 most influential:

    "Song of Myself" (1855), Walt Whitman: analysis by 12 critics
    "I heard a fly buzz when I died" (c.1862), Emily Dickinson: analysis by 10 critics
    "In a Station of the Metro" (c.1910), Ezra Pound: analysis by 3 critics
    "Sunday Morning" (1915), Wallace Stevens: analysis by stanza
        10 critics discuss "Sunday Morning"
    "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" (1916), Robert Frost: analysis by 16 critics
    "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1916), T. S. Eliot: analysis by 15 critics
    "The Waste Land" (1922), Eliot: analysis by 25 critics
        12 basic principles in reading "The Waste Land"
    "Red Wheelbarrow" (c.1923), W. Carlos Williams: analysis by 3 critics

American poetry:

    Index to over 350 poems and analyses
    Metrics and free verse: fundamentals
    "On the Nature of Poetry" (1826): excerpts, William C. Bryant
    Poetry as "Supernal Beauty" (1831-1850): excerpts, Edgar Allan Poe
    "The Poet" (1844): excerpts, Ralph Waldo Emerson
    Mysticism in "Song of Myself" (1855, 1881) by Walt Whitman
    18 Transcendental characteristics in the poetry (1830-1886) of Emily Dickinson
    "Imagism" (1909-1917): definitions and 12 poems
    "Imagism and Vorticism" (1909-1920): excerpts, Ezra Pound
    "Rules" from Preface to Some Imagist Poets (1915), Amy Lowell
    "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919): excerpt, T. S. Eliot
    Modernist poetic theory (1909-1962): quotations
    "No ideas but in things," as in "Poem" (1923), William Carlos Williams
    "A poem should not mean, but be": "Ars Poetica" (1926), Archibald MacLeish
    Poetry as moral statement (1937): excerpts, Yvor Winters
    "Narcissus as Narcissus" (1938), Allen Tate
    "Two or Three Ideas" (1951), Wallace Stevens
    "Poetry" (1951), Marianne Moore
    "Three Statements" (1926, 1938, 1955), e. e. cummings
    Postmodernism: poetry
    historical survey: free verse
    origin in experience and writing of a poem (1960), William Stafford

American Renaissances: 1850s & 1920s

American short novels (or novellas), the 12 best:

    Benito Cereno (1855), Herman Melville: analysis by 17 critics
    Daisy Miller (1879), Henry James: analysis by chapter
    Washington Square (1881), James: film adaptation (1997): review
    Billy Budd (1891), Melville: analysis by chapter
    The Red Badge of Courage (1895), Stephen Crane: analysis by chapter
    36 critics discuss The Red Badge of Courage
    The Turn of the Screw (1898), James: analysis by 20 critics
    Ethan Frome (1911), Edith Wharton: analysis by 8 critics
    Old Mortality (1939), Katherine Anne Porter: analysis by 26 critics
    Noon Wine (1939), Porter: analysis by 28 critics
    Pale Horse, Pale Rider (1939), Porter: analysis by 28 critics
    The Bear (1942), William Faulkner: analysis by 15 critics
    The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Ernest Hemingway: analysis in detail
        15 critics discuss The Old Man and the Sea
    Wise Blood (1952), Flannery O'Connor: analysis by chapter
        36 critics discuss Wise Blood

American short story:

    short story definitions
    Index to analyses of over 250 short stories, collections, and film adaptations
    historical survey of the short story by Wallace Stegner (1957)

American styles analyzed:

    Ralph Waldo Emerson
    Henry David Thoreau
    Edgar Allan Poe
    Nathaniel Hawthorne
    Herman Melville
    Frederick Douglass
    Abraham Lincoln
    Emily Dickinson
    Henry James
    Mark Twain
    Stephen Crane
    Elizabeth Madox Roberts
    Gertrude Stein
    Willa Cather
    T. S. Eliot
    F. Scott Fitzgerald
    Ernest Hemingway
    William Faulkner
    Katherine Anne Porter
    Caroline Gordon
    Allen Tate
    Jean Stafford
    Elizabeth Hardwick
    Flannery O'Connor
    Martin Luther King, Jr.
    Toni Morrison
    Cormac McCarthy

American Westerns, the best:

    The Prairie (1827), James Fenimore Cooper: analysis in detail
    "The Blue Hotel" (1898), Stephen Crane: analysis by section
    "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" (1898), Crane: analysis by section
    The Virginian (1902), Owen Wister: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Captive" (1932), Caroline Gordon: analysis by 12 critics
    "Tom Rivers" (1933), Gordon: analysis by 7 critics
    Honey in the Horn (1935), H. L. Davis: analysis
    The Ox-Bow Incident (1940), Walter Van Tilburg Clark: analysis by 3 critics
    Green Centuries (1941), Gordon: analysis by 21 critics
    The Big Sky (1947), A. B. Guthrie: commentary
    Genesis (1959), Wallace Stegner: analysis by 5 critics
    Belle Starr (1979), Speer Morgan: recommended
    Lonesome Dove (1985), Larry McMurtry: recommended
    Blood Meridian (1985), Cormac McCarthy: analysis by 20 critics
    All the Pretty Horses (1992), McCarthy: analysis by 12 critics

American women's fiction before the Civil War: Feminist critics quoted
    Victorianism

Amis, Kingsley (1922-1995): major British novelist censored by American Feminists (1985)

    Stanley and the Women (1985): review in Time
    Stanley and the Women: review in USA Today
    Stanley and the Women: review in The New York Review Of Books

Anderson, Maxwell (1888-1959), prolific major dramatist, excelling at verse tragedy and history

    Introduction to Anderson
    Realism
    What Price Glory? (1924), the failure of idealism
    All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) with others, classic screenplay and film
    Elizabeth the Queen (1930), Elizabeth I
    Elizabeth the Queen (1930), Queen Elizabeth I
    Mary of Scotland (1933)
    Both Your Houses (1933), Pulitzer Prize
    Valley Forge (1934)
    Winterset (1935), considered one of his two best, Drama Critics Circle Award
    High Tor (1937), also one of his best, Drama Critics Circle Award
    Joan of Arc (1947), screenplay with Andrew Solt

Anderson, Philip B.,"An Ode to Deconstruction" (c.1988): satire of English departments

    Anderson, Sherwood (1876-1941): precursor of hippies revolutionized the short story
    Introduction to Anderson
    A Note on Sherwood Anderson (1953), William Faulkner
    Modernism
    Anderson in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    Winesburg, Ohio (1919), pastoral classic: overview analysis
      Additional analyses of individual stories:
        "The Book of the Grotesque," thematic overture defines the grotesque: analysis
        "Hands," pathos of oppressed homosexual: analysis by 6 critics
        "Paper Pills," futility of intellectualizing: analysis
        "Mother," poignant inability to express love: analysis by 2 critics
        "Nobody Knows," naive boy exploits pathetic girl: analysis
        "The Thinker," Standard Oil agent is a slick dreamer: analysis
        "The Teacher," ironic sexual assault: analysis
        "An Awakening," sexual deprivation exemplifies Naturalism: analysis
        "'Queer'," a frustrated nonconformist, not gay: analysis by 2 critics
        "The Untold Lie," farm hand gets his girlfriend pregnant: analysis by 3 critics
        "Sophistication," innocence and irony in modern world: analysis by 3 critics
    30 critics discuss Winesburg, Ohio
    Poor White (1920), industry impact on rural Midwest: analysis by 8 critics
    Dark Laughter (1925), sentimental on race: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Egg," The Triumph of the Egg (1921), his best story, on American Dream: analysis
    34 critics discuss Anderson

Angell, Barbara (1935-1990), "Ulabel Lume" (c.1955): parody of Poe

Apocalypse Now (1979), powerful film, screenplay by John Milius & Francis Coppola:
    the moral complexity of the Vietnam War: analysis

archetype

Atwood, Margaret (1939- ) (Canadian): feminist novelist not always warped by sexism
    Surfacing (1972), representative Feminist becomes what she hates: analysis
    The Handmaid's Tale (1985), both a criticism of radical Feminists as distinct
      from liberal feminists and a paranoid pro-abortion attack on Christians
    Feminist Period of (North) American literature (1970-present)
    Feminism in American literature: Four Modes
    Feminists criticize Atwood

Auden, W. H. (1907-1973), major poet, gay Marxist who became a Christian: difficult symbolist
    Introduction to Auden
    Modernism
    "Herman Melville" (1933)
    The Age of Anxiety (1948), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1953)
    Selected Poems (1979)

Baldwin, James (1924-1987), black Jeremiah, eloquent prophet of revolution: fiction, plays, essays
    Introduction to Baldwin
    Ethnic fiction
    Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), deadend lives of blacks in Harlem
    The Fire Next Time (1963), fiery essays

Bankhead, Talullah (1902-1968), bawdy actress not Politically Correct: 25 witty quotations

Banks, Russell (1940- ), Continental Drift (1985), interracial affairs, heroic woman, voodoo: analysis
    Postmodernism: Realism

Barlow, Joel (1754-1812): best of Neoclassical "Hartford wits"
    Introduction to Barlow
    humor from "The Hasty Pudding" (1796)

Barnes, Djuna (1892-1982): experimental fiction, lesbianism, artistic underground in 1920s Paris
    Introduction to Barnes
    "The Fate of the Gifted: Djuna Barnes" (1983), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Postmodernism
    Ryder (1928), pastiche, parody, malicious satire, virtuoso styles, decadence--dreadful father
    Nightwood (1936), poetic Expressionism, marginalized people in 1920s Paris: analysis by 9 critics
    16 critics discuss Barnes

Barth, John (1930- ): elite Atheist Postmodernist, fantasist and theorist
    Introduction to Barth
    40 quotations:
      elitism, opinions, the novel is dead except for me, solipsism, drugs, writing, beyond Realism,
      beyond Modernism, intellectual fantasy, Postmodernism, Postmodern technique, black humor,
      conventions, death
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Giles Goat-Boy (1966), his universe is a university where a goat replaces Jesus: analysis by 5 critics
    "Lost in the Funhouse" (1967), Postmodernism artificial, mechanical & trivial: commentary by Barth
      "Lost in the Funhouse" (1968): analysis
    Chimera (1973), National Book Award

Barthelme, Donald (1931-1989): surrealistic Academic Expressionist makes atheist collages
    Introduction to Barthelme
    50 quotations:
      urbanity, design, art, abstract Expressionism, utopianism, disillusionment, politics, publishing,
      style, Postmodern writing, mechanical creative process, reading, Postmodernism, Postmodern
      women, metaphysics, death.
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    "Paraguay" (1968): commentary by Barthelme

Barthelme, Donald & Frederick (1943- ), satire of: "Barthelbe Brothers Mortuary" (2009), Hollister

Baum, Lyman Frank (1856-1919), The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900): analysis by 2 critics

Beach, Sylvia (1887-1962), Hemingway liberates Shakespeare and Company (1956): WWII action
    Modernism

Beat Generation (1950s), rehearsal for the 1960s: explanation
    On the Road (1957), beatnik bible, by Jack Kerouac: analysis
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    "Squeal" (1957), Louis Simpson: parody of "Howl" (1955) by Allen Ginsberg
    "On the Sidewalk" (1959), John Updike: parody of On the Road (1958)

Bellamy, Edward (1850-1898), Looking Backward, 2000-1887 (1888), Socialist utopia: analysis by 2

Bellow, Saul (1915-2005): most awarded American novelist of late 20th century (Nobel Prize 1976)
    Introduction to Bellow
    117 quotations:
      youth, education, autobiographical, human nature, Existentialism, Realism, Modernism,
      Postmodernism, Postmodern literature, intellectual Expressionism, the humanities,
      multiculturalism, Political Correctness, Feminism, politics, rhetoric, America, psychoanalysis,
      writing, major theme, Transcendentalism, love, audience, style, independence, old age,
      decline of civilization, the soul, God, death.
    Modernism
    Existentialism
    Postmodernism
    Dangling Man (1944), pre-WWII existentialism: analysis by 6 critics
    The Victim (1947), complexity of guilt: analysis by 7 critics
    Review of Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1952), Bellow
    The Adventures of Augie March (1953), National Book Award, picaresque romp: analysis by 11 critic
    Seize the Day (1956), much admired--transcending victimization: analysis by 4 critics
    Henderson the Rain King (1959), Modernist transcendence in Africa: analysis by 11 critics
    Herzog (1964), National Book Award, Jewish introvert writes letters: analysis by 4 critics
    Mr. Sammler's Planet (1970), National Book Award, counter to 1960s counterculture: analysis by 2
    Humboldt's Gift (1975), Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 4 critics
    The Dean's December (1982): analysis
    27 critics discuss Bellow

Benchley, Robert (1889-1945), famous wit, comic movie actor and screenwriter
    42 quotations:
      youth, autobiographical, arguing, working, drinking, literature, humor, women, human nature,
      America, dogs, old age, death.

Benet, Stephen Vincent (1898-1943), poet won 2 Pulitzers
    John Brown's Body (1929), incantatory historical poem of insurrection leading to Civil War
      Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1929)

Berra,Yogi (1925-2015), famous New York Yankees baseball catcher: 33 wacky quotations

Berry, D. C. (1942-), "Godiva" (c.2009): severe parody of Sylvia Plath

Berry, Wendell (1934- ), the leading American environmentalist Nature poet, novelist and essayist,
      the pastoral agrarian writer who is actually a farmer--has been compared to Emerson, Thoreau,
      Frost, Sandburg, and Aldo Leopold--featured in The Whole Earth Catalog
    Introduction to Berry
    Nathan Coulter (1960, 1985), young man takes over farm, parallel to Berry's life
    A Place on Earth (1967, 1983), continuing his first novel, about spirit of a rural community
    The Memory of Old Jack (1974), same themes of spiritual community
    Collected Poems, 1957-1982 (1985)

Berryman, John (1914- ), 77 Dream Songs (1965), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Bierce, Ambrose (1842-1914?), "Bitter" Bierce: Civil War vet, major Gothic wit and Naturalist
    Introduction to Bierce
    200 quotations:
      youth, autobiographical, reply to Descartes, reply to Wordsworth, replies to Benjamin Franklin,
      doubt, politics, war, human nature, knowledge, gambling, emotional distance, murder, evolution,
      women, history, The Devil's Dictionary (1911), death.
    wit and humor: from "Our Tales of Sentiment" (c.1900): parody of popular fiction
    Gothicism
    Naturalism
    Impressionism
    Bierce in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" (1891), classic of Impressionism and TV: analysis by 4 critics
    "Chickamauga" (1891), child's perspective on Civil War horror & gore: analysis
    "The Boarded Window" (1891), psychologically complex Poe-like horror on the frontier: analysis
    23 critics discuss Bierce

The Big Chill (1983), excellent popular film, screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek:
    how the 1960s counterculture turned out: analysis

Billings, Josh (1818-1885), joshing humorist with distant second billing to Mark Twain
    69 quotations:
      man, life, truth, knowledge, wisdom, happiness, fools, women, love, manners, words,
      humor, imagination, genius, money, pride, sins, advice, health, old age, death.

Bishop, Elizabeth (1911-1979), major poet
    The Magical Prose of Poets: Elizabeth Bishop (1984), Elizabeth Hardwick
    "The Fish" (1955): analysis
    Poems--North and South (1955), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Black Elk (1863-1950), Oglala Dakota Sioux Indian holy man rendered history of his tribe and his soul
    56 extended quotations:
      Black Elk speaks, archetypal order, pantheism, whites, voices, vision, reviving the waste land,
      spiritual rebirth, war, battle of the Little Big Horn, Crazy Horse, the black road, circles, man and
      woman, despair, wild west show, majesty, messiah, massacre at Wounded Knee.
    Black Elk Speaks (1932), ed. John Neihardt, autobiography: the major work of American Indian lit
    humor from Black Elk Speaks

Bogan, Louise (1897-1970), "The Dream" (1954): analysis
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1954)

Books that Changed America (1970), Robert B. Downs: selected list

Bowles, Paul (1910-1999): nihilistic wastelander tripping out in Tangier, Morocco
    Introduction to Bowles
    Gothicism
    Postmodernism: Precursors
    The Sheltering Sky (1949), Americans in terror among Arabs: analysis by 10 critics
    18 critics discuss Bowles

Boyle, T. Coraghassen (1948- ), entertaining blend of research and eccentric Expressionist fiction
    Introduction to Boyle
    Postmodernism: "magical realism"--popular mode in South America (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)
    The Descent of Man (1979), witty story collection
    Water Music (1981), dramatic adventures of Mungo Park exploring Africa: analysis
    Greasy Lake and Other Stories (1985), pop culture satire
    World's End (1987), family saga blending history and comedy set in Hudson Valley, NY

Brackenridge, Hugh H. (1748-1816): still funny satirist from American Revolution
    Introduction to Brackenridge
    Neoclassicism
    Modern Chivalry (1792-1815), satire: commentary by 7 critics
      humor from Modern Chivalry: our hero declines a duel over Miss Fog
      Modern Chivalry, fictional film adaptation (2004)

Bradford, William (1590-1657): Pilgrim originated American literature
    Introduction to Bradford
    12 quotations:
      pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, first winter, Communism fails, Merry Mount,
      epidemic of sex offenses.
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    Of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647: commentary
      humor from Of Plymouth Plantation

Bradley, David (1950- ), The Chaneysville Incident (1981), black historian solves the mystery of
      Moses Washington and the murder of 12 slaves, PEN/Faulkner Award
    Ethnic Fiction

Bradstreet, Anne (1612-1672): first major American poet (1650)
    Introduction to Bradstreet
    29 quotations:
      meditations, poetry
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    "The Flesh and the Spirit" (1678), the central theme throughout American literature: analysis
    "A Letter to Her Husband" (1678), genders complement, as in later Victorianism: analysis
    6 critics discuss Bradstreet

Brautigan, Richard (1935-1984), Trout Fishing in America (1967): analysis by 2 critics
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Hip Pastoralism

Brook Farm (1841-6): Utopian socialist communal experiment based on manifesto by Elizabeth Peabody,
      satirized by member Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Blithedale Romance (1852): analysis in detail
    11 critics discuss New England Transcendentalism

Brooks, Gwendolyn (1917-2000), popular black poet is down to earth
    Introduction to Brooks
    Folk Pastoralism
    "A Song in the Front Yard" (1945)
    "Sadie and Maud" (1945)
    Annie Allen (1950), poems, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "We Real Cool" (1966)

Brown, Charles Brockden (1771-1810): first literary American novelist & first male feminist
    Introduction to Brown
    Neoclassicism
    Romanticism
    Alcuin (1797), first feminist tract in America: 21 quotations
    Wieland (1798), psychological Gothic horror, transition to Romanticism: analysis by 4 critics
      fictional film adaptation of Wieland from Holywood (2004) by Hollister
    3 critics discuss Brown

Brown, William Wells (1814-1884): escaped slave wrote first novel by a black American
    Introduction to Brown
    Preface to Clotel, or The President's Daughter (1853), by Brown
      Clotel, Introduction by William E. Farrison: No proof Jefferson fathered daughter by a slave.

Bryant, William Cullen (1794-1878): the major poet before Whitman
    Introduction to Bryant
    "On the Nature of Poetry" (1826,1884): quotations
    Romanticism
    Nature in American literature
    "Thanatopsis" (1817), popular classic introducing pantheism, transition to Romanticism: analysis
    "The Prairies" (1832), mythos of westward movement: analysis
    "William Cullen Bryant," by Poe (1846)
    "Bryant," by James Russell Lowell (1848)
    5 critics discuss Bryant

Bugeja, Michael J., "The Influence of Williams Carlos Williams" (2009): poem

Burroughs, William (1914-1997), Naked Lunch (1959), gay & drugs shock fiction: review
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction

Butler, Judith: Feminist awarded prize for worst academic writing during Feminist Period (1970-present)

Calvinism

Capote, Truman (1924-1984): gay celebrity stylist, TV personality and crime novelist
    Introduction to Capote
    "On Truman Capote and Flannery O'Connor" (1960): commentary by Caroline Gordon
    Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), precocious southern boy in creepy isolation: analysis by 9 critics
    The Grass Harp (1951), poetic stories, recurrent theme of lost child
    Breakfast at Tiffany's: A Short Novel and Three Stories (1958): lightweight, with materialistic values
    In Cold Blood (1965), exhaustive detail, based on true murders: analysis by 3 critics
    Answered Prayers: The Unfinished Novel (1986), scandalous betrayal of his celebrity confidants
    16 critics discuss Capote

Carlisle, Andrea, "Emily Dickinson's To-Do List" (1996)

Carver, Raymond (1938-1988): very influential short story writer edited to death
    Introduction to Carver
    Postmodernism: Realism
    "Neighbors" (1976): analysis
    "Cathedral" (1981), by far his best story: analysis
    "Boxes" (1987): review

Castaneda, Carlos (1925?-1998): hip anti-social paranormal drug fiction posing as anthropology
    Introduction to Casteneda
    73 quotations:
      revolution, on being a legend, why he became so popular, deception is the best policy, amorality,
      denies hoax, drugs, temporary aid, sobriety, reason, ego, escaping responsibility, self-pity,
      solipsism, atheist Existentialism, futility, mystery, Nature, sorcery, seeing, leap before you look,
      equality, becoming a warrior, knowledge, death.
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Journey to Ixtlan (1972), best of the series: introduction & commentary by 12 critics

Cather, Willa (1873-1947): great Modernist novelist on the American West
    Introduction to Cather
    overview of Cather by Katherine Anne Porter
    142 quotations:
      childhood, relationship, country and people, friends, frontier past, old Nebraska, current Nebraska,
      literary situation, mythic symbol, Nature, brute instincts, human nature, society, truth, reformers,
      women writers, women and careers, religion, Platonism, art, the artist, artistic salvation, Sappho,
      literature, short story and novel, Poe, American literature, style, Walt Whitman, Uncle Tom's
      Cabin, Mark Twain and Sarah Orne Jewett, Henry James and Edith Wharton, Stephen Crane,
      Kate Chopin, European literature, Realism, European Realism, local color, decadent Romanticism,
      Victorianism, Modernism, writing, intuition and intellect, range, implications, economy,
      her works, present age, death, epitaph.
    archetype
    pastoralisms
    Neoclassicism
    Realism
    Modernism
    Feminists assault Cather: rebuttal
    The style of Cather: analysis by 34 critics
    Cather Review of The Awakening (1899) by Kate Chopin
    O Pioneers! (1913), classic on heroic settling of Nebraska: analysis by 13 critics
    The Song of the Lark (1915), career of woman opera singer: analysis by 6 critics
    My Antonia (1918), classic of agrarian and folk pastoralism: analysis by Wallace Stegner
      10 critics discuss My Antonia
      comparison of O Pioneers! with My Antonia: analysis
    One of Ours (1922), World War I: analysis by 2 critics
    A Lost Lady (1923), lamenting lost ideals of pioneers: analysis by 9 critics
    The Professor's House (1925), Modernist masterpiece: analysis by chapter of her greatest novel
      12 critics discuss The Professor's House
    My Mortal Enemy (1926): analysis by 3 critics
    Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927), spirituality in the early SW: analysis by 9 critics
    Cather refuses to sell out to Hollywood
    50 critics discuss Cather

censorship in American literature 1620 to 1934

censorship 1873-1934
    "Puritanism as a Literary Force" (1917), mainly attacking Anthony Comstock: H. L. Mencken

censorship since 1985:

    Feminist Period (1970-present)
    Feminist censorship laws (1983-84)
    Feminists censor Kingsley Amis (1985)
    Feminists censor Ernest Hemingway (1986)
    Feminists censor male writers (1988-present)
    Feminists censor criticism of themselves (1989)
    10 ideas censored as "dangerous" by Feminist AAUW (1994)
    52 ideas censored by Feminist editors
    419 words censored by Feminist editors
    The Language Police (2003), Diane Ravitch: quoted
    Hollister vs. Tuttle, et al: federal court ruling against Feminist censorship (2001)

Cheever, John (1912-1982), popular suburban New York short story writer & novelist
    Introduction to Cheever
    "Cheever; or, The Ambiguities" (1984), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Realism (blended with fantastic is surRealism, a form of Expressionism)
    Expressionism
    "The Enormous Radio" (1947), surRealism
    "The Swimmer" (1964), suburban despair made into a padded movie
    The Wapshot Chronicles (1957), National Book Award
    The Stories of John Cheever (1978), National Book Award

Chesterton, G. K. (British) (1874-1936), "After Walt Whitman": parody

Chicchinelli, Eugene (former diver), Underwater Rodeo: Saga of a Deep Sea Diver (2000): review

Chopin, Kate (1851-1904): Realist and vivid Impressionist precursor of Modernism
    Introduction to Chopin
    Victorianism
    Realism
    Naturalism
    Impressionism
    Feminists assault Chopin: rebuttal
    "Desiree's Baby" (1893), racial irony: analysis by 2 critics
    "A Respectable Woman" (1894): analysis
    "The Story of an Hour" (1894): analysis by 2 critics
    "Athenaise" (1895): analysis
    "The Storm" (1898): analysis
    The Awakening (1899), Realist debunks romance of the New Woman: analysis by chapter
      The Awakening: concise analysis
      The Awakening: negative review by Willa Cather
      36 critics discuss The Awakening
      46 critics differ on the ending of The Awakening: brief quotations
      on filming The Awakening: from Follywood (2005)
    Children of Light (1985), Robert Stone, fictional film adaptation of The Awakening: review
      Children of Light: quotations
    6 critics discuss Chopin

Christ-evoking figures in American literature: over 80 examples

Clark, John Abbot, "The Love Song of F. Scott Fitzgerald" (1955): parody of T. S. Eliot

Clark, Walter Van Tilburg (1909-1971), poet and fiction writer elevated lit of American West
    Introduction to Clark
    Realism
    The Ox-Bow Incident (1940), classic prototypical western, lynching: analysis by 3 critics
    The Track of the Cat (1949), ranch life and the hunt
    The Watchful Gods and Other Stories (1950)

Collins, Billy (1941- ), "Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes" (1998): humor

Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851): wrote the American epic of discovery, invented frontier hero
    Introduction to Cooper
    29 quotations:
      Nature and God, culture, ideal synthesis, westward movement, conservation, the waste land,
      Natty Bumppo as mythic figure, Christianity, Indians, race, equality, property, society,
      newspapers, politics, Democracy, the minority, government.
    Neoclassicism
    Romanticism
    Victorianism
    The Leatherstocking Saga, 5 heroic romantic adventure novels (1823-41): overview
      Preface to the Saga (1850)
      chronology of the Saga
    The Prairie (1827), westward movement, most complex of the Saga: analysis
    "Muck-a-Muck" (1867), parody of Cooper by Bret Harte
    "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses" (1895), humor by Mark Twain
    Twain's literary offenses against Cooper: analysis
    18 critics discuss Cooper

Cope, Wendy (British) (1945- ), "Waste Land Limericks": parody of T. S. Eliot (1986)

Countercultural Fiction

Crace, John (British) (1956- ), "The Crying of Lot 49": parody of Thomas Pynchon (2008)

Cranch, Christopher (1813-1892), cartoon of Emerson as "transparent eyeball" (1839): humor
    Gnosis (1844): Transcendentalist poem

Crane, Hart (1899-1933): Romantic Modernist poet highly regarded by other poets--famous suicide
    Introduction to Crane
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    "Black Tambourine", White Buildings (1926), social position of the black man: analysis
    "At Melville's Tomb" (1926): analysis by Harriet Monroe, Hart Crane, Cleanth Brooks &
      Robert Penn Warren
    "To Emily Dickinson" (1926)
    The Bridge (1930), mythic epic influenced by Whitman: analysis by 15 critics
    "Hart Crane" (c.1938), Julian Symons
    "Words for Hart Crane" (1959), Robert Lowell
    22 critics discuss Crane

Crane, Stephen (1871-1900): great innovative boy wonder died at 28
    Introduction to Crane
    104 quotations:
      family, religion, apprenticeship, education, New York Bowery, Maggie, honesty, art, Realism,
      Naturalism, Impressionism, Expressionism, alliteration and assonance, irony, understatement,
      Existentialism, Red Badge, other works, human nature, poverty, politics, heroism, patriotism,
      fame, death, last words.
    Naturalism
    Impressionism
    Crane in historical survey of short story by Stegner
    The style of Crane: analysis by 43 critics
    parody of Crane by O. Henry, "The Blue Blotch of Cowardice" (1896)
    parody of Crane by Frank Norris, "The Green Stone of Unrest" (1897)
    Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), first American Naturalist novel: analysis by 28 critics
    The Red Badge of Courage (1895), Impressionist classic Civil War novel: analysis by chapter
      The Red Badge of Courage film adaptation by John Huston (1951): analysis
      36 critics discuss The Red Badge
    "The Veteran" (1896), sequel to The Red Badge, Henry as heroic old man: analysis
    "The Open Boat" (1897): classic of Naturalism & Impressionism: close analysis by section
      "The Open Boat": commentary by Caroline Gordon
    "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" (1898), comic prototype of Western: analysis by section
    "The Blue Hotel" (1898): Naturalism, debunks stereotypes of Western: analysis by section
    "The Monster" (1898), dehumanization of a black hero: analysis by 3 critics
      "The Monster": fictional film adaptation, merged with true untold story of heroic black
      tank commanders in WW II
    "An Episode of War" (1899): dissociation & iceberg principle, pre-Hemingway: analysis
    6 free verse poems by Crane (1895-99), pre-Imagism: with commentary
    24 critics discuss Crane

Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John de (1735-1813): first American pastoralist
    Introduction to Crevecoeur
    14 quotations:
      American farmer, America as a symbol, agrarian pastoralism, husband and wife as partners,
      early Victorianism, animals, machines, What is an American?, the melting pot, the New Man,
      ethnicity.
    Agrarian Pastoralism
    Letters from an American Farmer (1782), classic defines agrarian ideal: analysis
      "What Is an American?" from Letters
    5 critics discuss Crevecoeur

Cullen, Countee (1903-1946), poet laureate of Harlem Renaissance
    Introduction to Cullen
    "Incident" (1925): black man recalls first being called the N-word as a boy
    "Yet Do I Marvel" (1925), inscrutability of God to a black poet

    cummings, e. e. (1894-1962): major Modernist poet known for innovative typography
    Introduction to cummings
    pastoralisms
    Expressionism
    Modernism
    The Enormous Room (1923), imprisonment by French in WWI: commentary by 5 critics
    "chanson innocent" (1923), entire model of metaphors in one little poem: analysis
    "Portrait" (1926), Expressionist typography: analysis
    Him (1927), abstract Expressionist play: analysis
    "since feeling is first" (1926), ecstatic Romantic
    "nobody loses all the time" (1926): humor
    "somewhere i have never traveled," stream of consciousness (1931)
    anyone lived in a pretty how town (1940): analysis
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1957)
    24 critics discuss cummings

Cunningham, J. V. (1911-1985), Neoclassical poet: 31 witty quotations in verse

cybernetic fiction: the machine as metaphor (1985)

Dacey, Philip (1939-2016), "Amherst with Fries" (1999), homage to Emily Dickinson: humor

Davis, H. L. (1896-1960): first distinguished novelist in the Northwest
    Introduction to Davis
    Realism: most true-to-real-life of western Realists
    Honey in the Horn (1935), frontier Oregon 1906-08, Pulitzer Prize: analysis
      humor from Honey in the Horn: quotations
    8 critics discuss H. L. Davis

Davis, Rebecca Harding (1831-1910), "Life in the Iron Mills" (1861): early Realism

DeForest, John W. (1826-1906), Civil War officer wrote first realistic American novel
    Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (1867), Civil War: analysis by 4 critics

Realism

Deism

DeLillo, Don (1936- ): major Postmodernist analyst of Postmodernism and satirist of mass culture
      with a wide scope--consistently interesting and often funny
    Introduction to DeLillo
    160 quotations:
      youth, Catholic upbringing, family, education, career, privacy, fame, entertainment, film,
      countercultural pastoralism, pacifism, love, sex, women, politics, terrorism, human nature,
      America, American tradition, society of kids, America as myth, pride in America, consumer
      capitalism, Postmodernism, urbanity, dehumanization, literary decadence, Political Correctness,
      Feminism, technology, disbelief, reticence, dead yet dangerous, rebellion, audience, writing,
      sentences, description, plots, primitive emotion, the novel, Realism, Expressionism, influences,
      death, Existentialism, hope.
    Postmodernism
    DeLillo and religious faith: analysis
    summaries of 10 novels by DeLillo: commentary by 3 critics
    Americana (1971), cinematography
    End Zone (1972), sports
    Great Jones Street (1973), popular music
    Ratner's Star (1976), theoretical science
    Players (1977), espionage and sexual liberation
    Running Dog (1978), technologies of patriarchal power
    The Names (1982), mysterious contemporary questing in Greece and India: analysis by 7 critics
    White Noise (1985), popular satire of materialism, professors & Feminism, National Book Award:
      analysis by chapter
      Feminist misreading of White Noise debunked
      30 critics discuss White Noise
      humor from White Noise
    Libra (1988), Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory: analysis by 4 critics
    Underworld (1997), non-linear Postmodernist pastiche: analysis by 2 critics

DeVries, Peter (1910-1993): popular novelist: 21 witty quotations

The Dial (1840-44): The Editors to the Reader [Emerson & Fuller]
    "The Tone Transcendental," by Poe: ridicule

Dickinson, Emily (1830-1886): a supreme lyric poet in world literature
    Introduction to Dickinson
    134 quotations:
      home, solitude, renunciation, living, toil, society, fame, Civil War, Nature, love, ecstasy,
      compensation, pain, poetry, truth, psyche, individuation, holistic vision, Existential doubt,
      faith, God, from letters, old age, death, last words, immortality.
    Puritanism
    Victorianism
    Existentialism
    Transcendentalism
    18 transcendental characteristics in Dickinson
    spirituality of Dickinson: analysis by Sister Mary Humiliata
    style of Dickinson: analysis by 36 critics
    "Papa above! #61 (c.1859): analysis
    "Success is counted sweetest" #67 (c.1859): analysis by Richard Wilbur
    "Exultation is the going --" #76 (c.1859): analysis
    "These are the days when Birds come back" #130 (c.1859): analysis by 5 including George Arms
    "I'm 'wife' - I've finished that --" #199 (c.1860): analysis by David S. Reynolds
    "I taste a liquor never brewed" #214 (c.1860): analysis by 7 including Genevieve Taggard
    "I like a look of Agony" #241 (c.1861): analysis by David Porter
    "Wild Nights -- Wild Nights!" #249 (c.1861): analysis by Lilia Melani
    "There's a certain Slant of light" #258 (c.1861): analysis by 12 including Yvor Winters
    "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain" #280 (c.1861): analysis by 8 including R. W. Franklin
    "I got so I could take [hear?] his name --" #293 (c.1861): analysis by 3 including R. P. Blackmur
    "The Soul selects her own Society --" #303 (c.1862): analysis by 4 including John Crowe Ransom
    "There came a Day at Summer's full" #322 (1861): analysis by 4 including Mother Mary Anthony
    "After great pain, a formal feeling comes" #341 (c.1862): analysis by 7 including Brooks and Warren
    "I read my sentence - steadily -" #412 (c.1862): analysis by Charles R. Anderson
    "I died for Beauty" #449 (c.1862): analysis by Richard Chase and F. I. Carpenter
    "I heard a Fly buzz when I died" #465 (c.1862): analysis by 10 including Caroline Hogue
    "The World is not Conclusion" #501 (1862): analysis by 4 including Thomas H. Johnson
    "I'm ceded -- I've stopped being Theirs --" #508 (c.1862): analysis by 6 including Adrienne Rich
    "I started Early -- Took my Dog" #520 (1862): analysis by 7 including Laurence Perrine
    "I like to see it lap the Miles" #585 (1862): analysis by 4 including George Whicher
    "A still - Volcano - Life --" #601 (c.1862): analysis by 4 including Marinela Carvalho Freitas
    "Because I could not stop for Death" #712 (c.1863): analysis by 17 including Allen Tate
    "My Life had stood -- a Loaded Gun" #754 (c.1863): analysis by 9 including Adrienne Rich
    "My Faith is larger than the Hills -- #766 (c.1863): analysis by Shira Wolosky
    "I felt a Cleaving in my Mind #937 (c.1864): analysis by 3 including Karen Ford
    "A narrow Fellow in the Grass" #986 (c.1865): analysis
    "Further in Summer than the Birds" #1068 (c.1866): analysis by 8 including Yvor Winters
    "Title divine - is mine!" #1072 (c.1862): analysis by 6 including Sharon Cameron
    "Tell all the Truth but tell it Slant" - #1129 (c.1868): analysis by 2 including Gary Lee Stonum
    "He preached upon 'Breadth' till it argued him narrow" -- #1207 (c.1872): analysis
    "A Route of Evanescence" #1463 (c.1879): analysis by 7 including Rebecca Patterson
    "As imperceptibly as Grief" #1540 (c.1865): analysis by James E. Miller, Jr.
    "Of God we ask one favor" #1601 (c.1884): analysis by Archibald MacLeish
    "To Emily Dickinson" (1926), Hart Crane
    "To Emily Dickinson" (1930), Yvor Winters
    "Emily Dickinson" (c.1930-86), Richard Eberhart
    "I Am in Danger - Sir --'" (1950-99), Adrienne Rich
    "Altitudes" (1956), Richard Wilbur
    "Emily Dickinson" (c.1968-98), Linda Pastan
    "Because I Could Not Dump" (1981), Andrea Paterson: parody
    "The Impossible Marriage" (1986), Donald Hall: humor
    "Emily's Words" (1990), Leslie Monsour
    "Emily Dickinson Leaves a Message to the World, Now That Her Homestead in Amherst Has
      an Answering Machine" (1992), X. J. Kennedy: humor
    "The Deconstruction of Emily Dickinson" (1994), Galway Kinnell
    "After the Poetry Reading" (1996), Maxine Kumin: humor
    "Emily Dickinson's To-Do List" (1996), Andrea Carlisle: humor
    "Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes" (1998), Billy Collins: humor
    "Amherst with Fries" (1999), Philip Dacey: humor
    50 critics discuss Dickinson

Didion, Joan (1934-2021), literary journalist, screenwriter and Realistic novelist on current events
    Introduction to Didion
    "In the Wasteland: Joan Didion" (1997), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Slouching Toward Bethlehem (1967), wise insightful essays exposing the counterculture
    Play It As It Lays (1970), decadent Hollywood slut disintegrates: analysis by 3 critics

dissociation of sensibility

Doctorow, E. L. (1931-2015) World's Fair (1985), historical collage, National Book Award

Doolittle, Hilda (H. D.) (1886-1961), "The Pool" & "Oread": Imagist poems (c.1915)

Dos Passos, John (1896-1970): Marxist technical innovator turned conservative after major fiction
    Introduction to Dos Passos
    Naturalism
    Modernism
    Three Soldiers (1921), WWI anti-war: analysis by 4 critics
    Manhattan Transfer (1925), collectivist novel, mass society Naturalism: analysis by 6 critics
    U.S.A. (1930-36), very dark Marxist critique of capitalist America, a panoramic historical trilogy
      combining various interesting original fiction techniques: analysis by 14 critics
    23 critics discuss Dos Passos

Douglass, Frederick (1818-1895): greatest escaped slave crusader against slavery
    52 quotations:
      slaves, America, Christianity, freedom, dignity, integrity, education, we are in this together,
      rebellion, free speech, lecturing, agitation, integration, progress, coalition with women's rights
      movement, self-reliance, Republican Party, Abraham Lincoln
    Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave (1845): analysis
    The style of Douglass: analysis by 7 critics

Doulis, Thomas, The Open Hearth (2000), masterful Greek immigrant Realism in steel mills: review
    Ethnic Fiction

Dreiser, Theodore (1871-1945): from major Naturalist to Christian mystic
    Introduction to Dreiser
    64 quotations:
      home, father, Puritan upbringing, the conventional mind, his own moralizing, myth of agrarian
      pastoralism, glamour of the Big City, sex, poverty, human suffering, idealistic Realism,
      Naturalism, motif of fluidity in Sister Carrie, allegory, style, chemistry of being, myth of
      individuality, mystery, uncertainty, human nature, Socialism, Communist activities, futility
      of reform, evolution, God.
    Naturalism
    Philosophy of Dreiser
    Sister Carrie (1900), young woman succeeds as actress, classic model of Naturalism: concise analysis
      24 critics discuss Sister Carrie
    Jennie Gerhardt (1911), based on life of Dreiser's sister: analysis by 8 critics
    An American Tragedy (1925), young man corrupted by the American Dream: analysis by 12 critics
    The Bulwark (1946), posthumous, mystical Quaker Christianity: recommended
    24 critics discuss Dreiser

Drew, George, "Apparently Someone in the Department" (2004): politically incorrect poem

Dugan, Alan (1923-2003), poet
    Funeral Oration for a Mouse (1961)
    Poems (1961), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Dunbar, Paul (1872-1906): first prominent black American writer, accepted by both blacks and whites
    Introduction to Dunbar
    30 quotations:
      youth, education, blacks and whites, Harriet Beecher Stowe, society, morality, writing, love, God,
      vision, death, immortality.
    "We Wear the Mask" (c.1895): motif in black cultural history
    Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896), 105 of his best poems, in black dialect and in literary English
    "Theology" (1899): humor
    "Harriet Beecher Stowe" (1899): tribute
    The Strength of Gideon and Other Stories (1900), best fiction with black characters and themes

Duncan, David James (1952- ), The River Why? (1983), comic transcendental fishing novel: 7 reviews
    The Brothers K (1992), family baseball novel: recommended

Eastman, Max (1883-1969), leftwing social critic and political activist: 10 quotations

Eberhart, Richard (1904-2005): influential poet
    "Emily Dickinson" (c.1930)
    "The Groundhog" (c.1960): analysis by 2 critics
    "Worldly Failure" (1960), on Robert Frost
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1961)
    Selected Poems 1930-1965 (1966), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "To William Carlos Williams" (1988)

Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758): greatest American theologian
    Introduction to Edwards
    18 quotations from "Personal Narrative" (1739):
      childhood affections, God's sovereignty, epiphany, ineffability, pastoralism, transfiguration,
      true grace, desire for rebirth, dedication, wilderness retreat, spiritual death, acceptance of
      doctrines, union with Christ, Transcendent consciousness, innate depravity, humility,
      God's will be done.
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    "Personal Narrative" (1739), individuation to salvation with archetypal elements: analysis
    "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741), most famous American sermon: excerpt
    Edwards and Edward Taylor: Calvinist mystics compared
    American tradition of "Highbrow and Lowbrow": Edwards & Franklin
    Edwards to Emerson, by Perry Miller: quotations
    "Mr. Edwards and the Spider" (1944), poem by Robert Lowell: analysis
    "The Theology of Jonathan Edwards" (1957), poem by Phillis McGinley
    fictional comic biopic of Edwards (2004), Hollister

Eliot, T. S. (1888-1965): supreme Modernist poet, dramatist & critic (Nobel Prize 1948)
    Introduction to Eliot
    112 quotations:
      home, youth, education, his poetry is American, early verse, aspiration, real and ideal,
      experience, knowledge, truths, western civilization, the soul, "The Waste Land," popular culture,
      human nature, feelings, women, Romanticism, conservatism, life, Four Quartets, literature,
      literature and religion, archetypal art, creativity, transcendence, the poet today, bad writers,
      writing plays, tradition and the individual talent, argument for canon of classics, objective
      correlative, dissociation of sensibility, mythic method, historical sense, poetic method,
      obscurity, the meaning of a poem, Nobel Prize, old age, death, immortality.
    Neoclassicism
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    The style of Eliot: analysis by 52 critics
    "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915): analysis by 15 critics-influential poem familiar to
      most educated Americans until after the 1960s
    "Portrait of a Lady" (1917): analysis by 3 critics
    "Sweeney Among the Nightingales" (1918): analysis by 2 critics
    "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1920), his major critical essay: excerpt
    "Gerontion" (1920): analysis by 6 critics
    "The Waste Land" (1922), most influential poem of 20th century--as upon Hemingway, Fitzgerald,
      Djuna Barnes, Faulkner, cummings, Paul Bowles, Nathanael West, Katherine Anne Porter,
      Caroline Gordon, Flannery O'Connor, Tennessee Williams, Saul Bellow, Thomas Pynchon,
      Don DeLillo, Cormac McCarthy, Walker Percy, and Marilynne Robinson: analysis by 25 critics
      12 basic principles in reading "The Waste Land"
    "The Hollow Men" (1925): analysis by 6 critics
    "Ash Wednesday" (1930): analysis by 7 critics
    Murder in the Cathedral (1935) drama: analysis
    Four Quartets (1943): analysis by 9 critics
    The Cocktail Party (1949) drama: analysis
    Eliot psychoanalyzes Mark Twain
    "The Waste Land" (1925), James Joyce: parody
    "T. S. Eliot" (1969), Robert Lowell
    "The Love Song of J. Omar Khayyam" (1973), Roy Fuller: parody
    "Waste Land Limericks" (1986), Wendy Cope: parody
    50 critics discuss Eliot

Elkin, Stanley (1930- ), comic fiction writer with entertaining style, rhetoric, puns, wit
      Stanley Elkin's Greatest Hits (1980)

Ellison, Ralph (1914-1994): first major black novelist wrote a world class Modernist novel
    Introduction to Ellison
    134 quotations:
      youth, family, education, writers, New York, individuation, learning to write, standards,
      classic American literature, Hemingway, Realism, Modernism, style, Expressionism, Richard
      Wright, ethnicity, art, Marxism, protest writing, invisibility, Invisible Man, folklore, Naturalism,
      Existentialism, light in the basement, America, integration, "Negro as a Symbol of Man,"
      transcendence, music, decadence, Postmodernism, Postmodern critics, Postmodern fiction,
      political parties, favorable reception, Shadow and Act, black President, the end.
    Naturalism
    Existentialism
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    Invisible Man (1952), landmark individuation of black man is universal, National Book Award:
      analysis by chapter
    Review of Invisible Man by Saul Bellow (1952)
    24 critics discuss Invisible Man

Embry, Mead (pseudonym of English professor), "Me Studies" (2013): satire of narcissistic professors

Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882): Transcendentalist, most seminal American philosopher
    Introduction to Emerson
    stature of Emerson
    197 quotations:
      liberty, independence, American Scholar, idealistic Existentialism, individuation, monism,
      Nature, pastoralism, Puritanism, Universal Soul, centered, Transcendental consciousness,
      recycling spirit, pantheism, religion, Idealism, intellect, Genius, unbalanced minds, human
      nature, need for redemption, history, the Greeks, archetypal thinking, circles, experimentation,
      imagination, literature, optimism, love, marriage, friends, the common, humility, society,
      Victorianism, government, progress, teachers, quotations, travel, intoxications, overcoming
      depression, compensation, old age, advice, death, immortality.
    archetype
    Romanticism
    Nature in American literature
    New England Transcendentalism
    Emerson in the history of philosophy, by Herbert W. Schneider
    reading Emerson: 6 critics explain his epigrammatic prose style
    Nature (1836), most seminal work in American literature: 24 critics discuss
    "The American Scholar" (1837), landmark oration: commentary by 8 critics
    "Divinity School Address" (1838): commentary by 4 critics
    The Dial (1840-44): The Editors to the Reader [Emerson & Fuller]
    Self-Reliance (1841), major American theme: commentary by 5 critics
    "The Over-Soul" (1841), cosmology: commentary by 5 critics
    "The Transcendentalist" (1842): Emerson's definition
    "The Poet" (1844): Emerson lecture reviewed by Walt Whitman
    "The Poet" (1844): lecture by Walt Whitman
    "Concord Hymn" (1847): memorial to the American Revolution
    "Brahma" (1856), influence of Asian transcendentalism: analysis
    "The Tone Transcendental" (c.1841), Poe ridicules The Dial: humor
    "Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841), satire of NE Transcendentalists by Poe: humor
    Letter to Walt Whitman (1955) by Emerson
    Whitman walks with Emerson (1860)
    "Brahma" (c.1864): parody by Andrew Lang
    cartoon of Emerson as "transparent eyeball," by Christopher Cranch (1837)
    35 critics discuss Emerson, including Hawthorne & Melville

English Departments as depicted in literature:
    The Lesson (1954), play by Eugene Ionesco (European), academic fascism: analysis
    A New Life (1961), novel by Bernard Malamud, New York leftist among hicks out West: quotations
    Changing Places (1975), Small World (1984), academic satire by David Lodge (British): noted
    "An Ode to Deconstruction" (c.1988), poem by Philip B. Anderson
    Oleanna (1992), play dramatizing Feminist fascism by David Mamet: analysis
    "University Life" (1997), humorous allegory of Political Correctness by A. B. Paulson: analysis
    "Apparently Someone in the Department" (2004), poem about PC by George Drew
    from Hollyworld (2006), Feminist professors rule, autobiographical fiction by Michael Hollister
    "Me Studies" (2013), satire of "identity" professors, Mead Embry (pseudonym of English professor)

Erdrich, Louise (1954- ), the major living American Indian writer
    Introduction to Erdrich
    archetype
    pastoralisms
    Ethnic Fiction
    Love Medicine (1984, 1993), folk pastoralism on "the rez": analysis by 5 critics
    The Beet Queen (1986): analysis by 2 critics
    Tracks (1988): analysis by 4 critics
    The Round House (2011), National Book Award
    The Sentence (2021)
    summaries of 8 novels by Erdrich: commentary
    7 critics discuss Erdrich

Ethnic Fiction

Existentialism

Expressionism

Farrell, James T. (1904-1979), leftwing (Trotskyite) urban Naturalist popular during Depression of 1930s
    Introduction to Farrell
    Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy (1935): life on the South Side streets of Chicago

Faulkner, William (1897-1962): greatest American novelist, innovative Modernist (Nobel Prize 1949)
    Introduction to Faulkner
    Faulkner's myth of the South
    390 quotations:
      school, family name, relationship with blacks, war, Oxford Miss., uneducated poet, gentleman
      farmer, family responsibilities, neighbors, reclusivity, autobiography, Sherwood Anderson,
      motivation, aspiration, Paris, the North, the South, Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha County, time,
      Virginia, decadent southern traditions, curse of slavery, black civil rights, equality, political fear,
      economic fear, compulsory integration, race, morality, God, religion, Christ, Christianity, heaven,
      pantheism, nature, Caddy, Lena Grove, Mrs. Compson, Dilsey, Drusilla, Judith Sutpen, gender
      equality, women, courtship, love, marriage, sex, illicit sex, rape, determinism, Existentialism,
      human nature, endurance, immortality of mankind, art, fiction, books, Twain, Whitman, Henry
      James, Dreiser, T. S. Eliot, Joyce, R. P. Warren, Tennessee Williams, Richard Wright, Thomas
      Mann, European influences, Freud, ranking American novelists, writing, speed, sentences,
      paragraphs, compressing the world, style, words, symbols, The Sound and the Fury, lifting
      hearts, characters, Realism, the writer, the American writer, Hemingway, Review of The Old
      Man and the Sea, critics, rereading, Hollywood, Clark Gable, Communism, America, money,
      government, Postmodernism, Political Correctness, censorship, Postmodern fiction, popular
      atheism, the younger generation, alcohol, stature, amazement, wisdom, advice, death,
      immortality, on his works.
    wit & humor: selections from 3 novels and 2 stories
    Modernism
    Existentialism
    Expressionism
    techniques of Faulkner: analysis by 10 critics
    The greatly influential Expressionistic style of Faulkner: analysis by 26 critics
    23 parodies of Faulkner
    Faulkner in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    "Unknown Faulkner" (1979), mostly on Sanctuary, Elizabeth Hardwick
    Soldier's Pay (1926), dying pilot returns from WWI: analysis by 4 critics
    Mosquitoes (1927), decadent New Orleans artists: analysis by 4 critics
    Sartoris (1929), family saga of honor: analysis by 4 critics
    The Sound and the Fury (1929), a major Modernist novel of 20th century: analysis by section
      50 critics discuss The Sound and the Fury
      humor in The Sound and the Fury
    "That Evening Sun" (1930), whites ignore impending murder of their black servant: analysis
    "A Rose for Emily" (1930), death of perverted genteel tradition: analysis by 23 critics
    "Red Leaves" (1930), Indians try to cope with their black slaves: analysis by 2 critics
      humor in "Red Leaves"
    As I Lay Dying (1930), timeless human family journey to the grave: analysis by 15 critics
      As I Lay Dying fictional film adaptation (2006)
      humor in As I Lay Dying
    "A Justice" (1931), Indians' injustice to their black slaves: analysis by section
      humor in "A Justice"
    Sanctuary (1931), gangster Popeye (North) rapes Temple (South) with corncob: analysis by 15 critics
    "Dry September" (1931), whites lynch innocent black man: analysis by 2 critics
    Light in August (1932), pregnant girl contrasted with doomed racist: analysis by 15 critics
    "Wash" (1934), fanatical psychology of a prototypical Ku Klux Klansman: analysis by 2 critics
    "Raid" (1934), Granny Millard defeats the invading Yankee army: analysis by 2 critics
    Absalom, Absalom! (1936), influential complex family saga of southern guilt: analysis by 21 critics
    "An Odor of Verbena" (1938), young Bayard declines revenge, changes tradition: analysis by section
    The Wild Palms (1939), ironic counterpointing of two "love" stories: analysis by 6 critics
    The Hamlet (1940), episodic pastoral of lovers while Flem Snopes prevails: analysis by 11 critics
      humor in The Hamlet
      "Spotted Horses": commentary by Caroline Gordon
    Go Down, Moses (1942), Civil War stories: analysis by 4 critics
    The Bear (1942), novella affirming pantheism & redemption: analysis by 15 critics
    The Portable Faulkner (1946): review by Robert Penn Warren
    Intruder in the Dust (1948), the race problem in the South: analysis by 5 critics
    Nobel Prize (1949): Address (1950)
    Collected Stories of William Faulkner (1951), National Book Award
    A Fable (1954), National Book Award, Pulitzer Prize, allegory of Christ-evoking figure in WWI:
      analysis by 15 critics
    The Town (1957), The Mansion (1959), Snopes trilogy completed: commentary
    Faulkner praises Moby-Dick
    Faulkner praises James Joyce
    Faulkner praises Sherwood Anderson
    Faulkner praises Richard Wright
    Faulkner praises Hemingway: Review of The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
    Faulkner praises Tennessee Williams
    50 critics discuss Faulkner

Feminism in American literature: Four Modes

Feminist assaults:

    Sexual Politics (1970), Kate Millett: analysis by Irving Howe
    "What It Would Be Like If Women Win" (1970), Gloria Steinem, unintentional humor
    The Lathe of Heaven (1970), invading space aliens are Feminists!, Ursula LeGuin: analysis
    Surfacing (1971), representative Feminist becomes what she hates, Margaret Atwood: analysis
    Feminists assault fairy tales: review
    Feminists assault Nathaniel Hawthorne: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Mark Twain: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Henry James: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Louisa May Alcott: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Edith Wharton: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Kate Chopin: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Willa Cather: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Ernest Hemingway: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Katherine Anne Porter: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Caroline Gordon: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Eudora Welty: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Jean Stafford: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Flannery O'Connor: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Ken Kesey: rebuttal
    Feminists assault John Irving: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Don DeLillo: rebuttal
    Feminists assault Kingsley Amis: reviews
    Feminists assault David Mamet: rebuttal
    Feminist Political Correctness & backlash: quotations

Feminist censorship since 1985:

    Feminist censorship laws
    Feminists censor Kingsley Amis
    Feminists censor Ernest Hemingway
    Feminists censor male writers
    Feminists censor criticism of themselves
    10 ideas censored as "dangerous" by Feminist AAUW
    52 ideas censored by Feminist editors
    419 words censored by Feminist editors
    Feminist censorship in education: from The Language Police (2003)
    Hollister vs Tuttle, et al: federal court ruling against Feminist censorship

Feminist Period of American literature (1970--present):

    ORDER OF TOPICS: four modes of feminism, paradigms, literary education, Victorian matriarchy,
    rise of Radical Feminism, "A Strange Stirring," "What It Would Be Like If Women Win," Sylvia Plath,
    self-destructive "victims," the female "Patriarchy," "ignored" women writers, "excluded" women
    writers, canon formation, strong women characters, stereotyping males, fairy tales, Feminist writing
    since 1970, hypocrisy, homicidal bigotry, woman as "slave," radical coalition, sexism, double standards,
    war on boys, boys commit suicide, war on males, takeover of education, Women's Studies, women
    writers oppose Women's Studies, Feminist editors, survey of Feminist criticism, subjective critical
    theory, Marxism, Feminazism, polarization, dehumanization, negativity, political standards, censorship,
    thought crimes, examples of Feminist literary criticism, Feminists harass Feminist, fascism and
    persecution, Feminist religion, "lookism," date rape, sexual harassment, lawsuits, adolescent groupthink,
    regression to infantilism, Feminists and science, Feminist decline, writers criticize Feminists.

Fifield, A. J., rejection letter (c.1920s): parody of Gertrude Stein

Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940): wrote The Great Gatsby, most influential model novel of 20th century
    Introduction to Fitzgerald
    193 quotations:
      character, youth, morality, Princeton, "Unreal City," waste land, jazz age, alcohol, breakage,
      Zelda, the crack-up, America, the rich, Gatsby, vision, society, happiness, men, sex, romantic
      attraction, love, disillusionment, Victorianism, pornography, Modernism, literature, Hemingway,
      Thomas Wolfe, theory of writing, motivation, genius, writing, understatement, wit, multiple
      viewpoints, Impressionism, Expressionism, autobiographical, drinking and writing,
      Existentialism, death.
    Impressionism
    Modernism
    Fitzgerald in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The lyrical impressionistic style of Fitzgerald: analysis by 5 critics
    "Zelda" (1970), Elizabeth Hardwick
    This Side of Paradise (1920): analysis by 8 critics
    The Beautiful and Damned (1922): analysis by 3 critics
    "Winter Dreams" (1922), prepares for Gatsby: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz" (1922): analysis by 2 critics
    The Great Gatsby (1925), most influential model for novelists in the 20th century: analysis by chapter
      why Gatsby is great: analysis
      50 critics discuss The Great Gatsby
      The Great Gatsby film adaptation (1948), Hollywood glorifies Gatsby: analysis
      The Great Gatsby film adaptation (1974), miscasts Daisy: analysis
      The Great Gatsby film adaptation (2000), by far the best adaptation: analysis
      The Great Gatsby movie exploitation (2013): trash not worth reviewing
    "The Rich Boy" (1926): analysis by 5 critics
    Tender is the Night (1934), psychiatrist cures wife and she leaves him: analysis by 12 critics
    "Babylon Revisited" (1935): analysis by 2 critics
    The Last Tycoon (unfinished), Hollywood producer based on Irving Thalberg: analysis by 12 critics
    "The Love Song of F. Scott Fitzgerald" (1955), John Abbot Clark: humor
    40 critics discuss Fitzgerald

Fletcher, John Gould (1886-1950), one of first Imagist poets
    Imagism
    "The Skaters" (c.1915): Imagist poem
    Selected Poems (1939), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Ford, Richard (1944- ), fiction writer, commonplace Realism
    "Reckless People: Richard Ford" (1995): analysis by Elizabeth Hardwick
    Postmodernism: Realism
    The Sportswriter (1986): analysis
    Independence Day (1995), sequel to The Sportswriter, Pulitzer Prize

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790): icon of the American Dream, one of most quoted Americans
    Introduction to Franklin
    228 quotations:
      liberty, government, national security, war, Indians, laws and lawyers, Socialism, Political
      Correctness, fools, honesty, industry, persistence, opportunity, time, money, frugality, debt,
      poverty, wealth, true riches, education, self-knowledge, wisdom, writing, skepticism, Deism,
      God, character, friends, anger, patience, present yourself, reticence, human nature, vanity,
      happiness, reason, argument, woman, flirtation, love, marriage, large family, health, sobriety,
      eating, old age, death, national bird, epitaph.
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    Neoclassicism
    humor from "The Silence Dogood Papers" (1722): quotation
    Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-57): analysis
    "Model of a letter of recommendation of a person you are unacquainted with" (1777): humor
    The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1789), originates myth of self-made man: analysis
      humor from The Autobiography: quotations
    "Epitaph for Himself": humor
    American tradition of "Highbrow" and "Lowbrow": Edwards & Franklin
    "Edwards & Franklin," by Perry Miller
    "The Late Benjamin Franklin" (c.1889), by Mark Twain: humor
    "Poem for Benjamin Franklin's Birthday" (1926), by Stoddard King: humor
    14 critics discuss Franklin

Freeman, Mary Wilkins (1852-1930): model Realist
    Realism: local color
    Freeman in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    "A Village Singer" (1891), humor: analysis

free verse: historical survey

Freneau, Philip (1752-1832): the major 18th-century American poet
    Introduction to Freneau
    Neoclassicism
    Deism
    "The Wild Honey Suckle" (1786), toward Romanticism: analysis
    "The Indian Burying-Ground" (1787), sentimental condescension: analysis
    "On the Uniformity and Perfection of Nature" (1815), pure Deism: analysis
    3 critics discuss Freneau

Frost, Robert (1874-1963): most popular American poet, agrarian pastoralist won 4 Pulitzer Prizes
    Introduction to Frost
    "Frost in His Letters" (1963), Elizabeth Hardwick
    140 quotations:
      home, independence, thinking, talking, education, teaching, Modernism, Ezra Pound, women,
      love, family, society, pastoralism, Puritanism, working, freedom, liberal, politics, conservatism,
      America, collectivism, power, philosophy, religion, Platonism, morality, loneliness, literary
      criticism, conviction, death, poets, the poem, poetry, metaphor, style, free verse, writing poetry,
      Postmodernism.
    Agrarian Pastoralism
    Modernism
    Frost in literary history
    Frost discusses his philosophy
    Leftists attack Frost (1930s)
    "Mowing" (1913), agrarian pastoralism: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Death of the Hired Man" (1914), folk pastoralism: analysis by 2 critics
    "After Apple Picking" (1914), Platonic idealism: analysis by 10 critics
    "Mending Wall" (1914,1919), both sides tenable: analysis by 9 critics
    "The Road Not Taken" (1915,1916), classic very often quoted: analysis by 7 critics
    "Birches" (1915), often anthologized: analysis by 9 critics
    "The Hill Wife" (1916): analysis by 3 critics
    "Fire and Ice" (1920,1923), end of the world: analysis by 4 critics
    "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" (1923), most famous poem: analysis by 16 critics
    "A Lone Striker" (1933), individualism, model of metaphors in a poem: analysis by 2 critics
    "Two Tramps in Mud-Time" (1934): analysis by 7 critics
    "Desert Places" (1936): analysis by 7 critics
    "Design" (1936), metaphysical: analysis by 11 critics
    "Neither Out Far Nor in Deep" (1936): analysis by 5 critics
    "The Gift Outright" (1942): read at inaugural of President John F. Kennedy (1961): analysis by 6
    "Departmental" (1949): humor
    "Worldly Failure" (1960), Richard Eberhart
    "Mr. Frost Goes South to Boston" (1961), parody by Firman Houghton
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1962)
    "Robert Frost" (1969), Robert Lowell
    "At the Robert Frost Memorial" (1982), William Stafford
    "Double Dialogue: Homage to Robert Frost" (1994), Muriel Rukeyser
    "Apparently Someone in the Department" (2004), anti-PC defense of Frost by George Drew
    "Remembering Frost at Kennedy's Inauguration" (2004), Linda Pastan
    50 critics discuss Frost

Fuller, Margaret (1810-1850): prototype of Transcendental Feminist, greatly influential
    Introduction to Fuller
    "The Genius of Margaret Fuller" (1986), Elizabeth Hardwick
    25 quotations:
      aspiration, education, art, literary criticism, honesty, God, masculine and feminine, man, woman,
      love, homelife, evolution, Transcendental Feminism, liberation of women, equal opportunity,
      one third of each gender switch roles, moderation, independence, marriage, woman as queen.
    New England Transcendentalism
    Feminism in American literature: Four Modes
    "A Transcendental Conversation" (1841), led by Fuller
    The Dial (1840-44): The Editors to the Reader [Emerson & Fuller]
    Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), Fuller's major work: excerpts
      Woman in the Nineteenth Century: commentary by Poe (1846)
    Hawthorne refers to Fuller with sympathy (1846)
    James Russell Lowell satirizes Fuller as Miranda (1848)
    11 critics discuss Fuller

Fuller, Roy (1912-1991), "The Love Song of J. Omar Khayyam" (1973): parody of T. S. Eliot

Gaddis, William (1922-1998), Postmodern Academic Expressionism--long, obscure, but witty
    Introduction to Gaddis
    Postmodernism
    Countercultural Fiction: clever but nihilistic and likely tedious for most readers
    The Recognitions (1955), varieties of counterfeiting, very layered: analysis by 4 critics
    JR (1975), sixth-grader makes millions by mail and telephone—little texture, mostly talk,
      National Book Award: analysis by 2 critics
    Carpenter's Gothic (1985): commentary
    A Frolic of His Own (1994), National Book Award

Gaines, Ernest J. (1933-2019), The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1971): commentary
    Ethnic Fiction

Garry, Patrick, In the Shadow of War (2006), traditional values in Postmodernist age: review
    Saving Faith (2007): review

Ginsberg, Allen (1926-1997), "Howl" (1955); parody of: "Squeal" (1957), Louis Simpson

God, belief in

God in The Road (1985) by Cormac McCarthy: analysis by 4 critics

Godey's Lady's Book (1830-1898): most popular American magazine before 1850
    Victorianism

Goldwyn, Samuel (1879-1974), movie producer: 48 unintentionally humorous quotations

Gordon, Caroline (1895-1981): major novelist, story writer, educator and New Critic
    Introduction to Gordon
    585 quotations:
      family, mother, obligation, rejecting death, human nature, youth, education, college, the South,
      Benfolly, Allen Tate, marital issues, fear of women, infidelities, Jungian analysis, separations,
      divorcing, daughter, love, women, domestic life, social relations, Agrarianism, poverty, teaching,
      readers, how to read a novel, archetypal reality, myth, tragedy, the hero, the artist, religious art,
      Christ-evoking heroes, the novel, technique, viewpoint, central intelligence, complication and
      resolution, tone, style, Impressionism, Expressionism, naturalism & symbolism, New Criticism,
      early masters, Henry James, Ford Madox Ford, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William
      Faulkner, Flannery O'Connor, other Modernists, other contemporaries, short stories, writing
      novels, critics, editors & publishing, Postmodernism, Communism, Feminism, Political
      Correctness, homosexuality & fiction, self-criticism, religious faith, spirits, unfinished double
      novel, pilgrim's progress, old age, nothingness, Hell, death, God, immortality.
    wit & humor: 42 quotations
    Modernism
    The style of Gordon: analysis by 25 critics
    Feminists assault Gordon: rebuttal
    The House of Fiction (1950,60), anthology & commentaries with Allen Tate: analysis by 14 critics
      4 of Gordon's commentaries:
        "Young Goodman Brown," Nathaniel Hawthorne: commentary
        "The Open Boat," Stephen Crane: commentary
        "Spotted Horses," William Faulkner: commentary
        "On Truman Capote and Flannery O'Connor: commentary
    How to Read a Novel (1957), objective New Criticism as practiced by Gordon: excerpts
      How to Read a Novel: analysis by 15 critics
    "The Four Methods of Narration and Other Techniques," by Gordon and Tate
    "Faults of the Amateur Fiction Writer," by Gordon
    "Summer Dust" (1929), imaginative girl recoils from reality of evil: analysis by 8 critics
    "The Long Day" (1930), black woman slits her own throat: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Ice House" (1931), post-Civil War horror and irony: analysis by 8 critics
    "Mr. Powers" (1931), poor Southern tenant accidentally kills his son: analysis by 7 critics
    Penhally (1931), family saga on plantation as metaphor of the Old South: analysis by 19 critics
    "The Captive" (1932), young white woman settler captured by Indians: analysis by 13 critics
      "The Captive" in the genre of Indian Captivity Narratives
    "Tom Rivers" (1933), hero goes out West to escape matriarchy: analysis by 7 critics
    "Old Red" (1933), Aleck Maury feels like hunted fox: analysis by 10 critics
    Aleck Maury, Sportsman (1934), classics professor lives like Thoreau : analysis by 20 critics
    "To Thy Chamber Window, Sweet" (1934), Aleck chooses fish over female: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Last Day in the Field" (1935), Aleck's last hunt: analysis by 8 critics
    "One More Time" (1935), Aleck chooses life over suicide: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Brilliant Leaves" (1937), adventurous girl falls for immature boy: analysis by 7 critics
    None Shall Look Back (1937), great novel: Civil War defeat of heroic South: analysis by 33 critics
      None Shall Look Back a greater achievement than The Red Badge: detailed analysis by chapter
    The Garden of Adonis (1937), love among landowners and tenants: analysis by 16 critics
    "The Enemies" (1938), black man pursues wife's killer into the afterlife: analysis by 5 critics
    "Her Quaint Honor" (1939), white planter pays for defending black woman: analysis by 5 critics
    Green Centuries (1941), white settlers fight Cherokees and Redcoats: analysis by 21 critics
    The Women on the Porch (1944), modern gender relations & marriage: analysis by 21 critics
    "All Lovers Love the Spring" (1944), loving spinster transcends lack of lover: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Forest of the South" (1944), Union officer must marry insane Southerner: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Burning Eyes" (1945), boy learns meaning of Nature on possum hunt: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Olive Garden" (1945), mournful poet regains his spirit after WWII: analysis by 6 critics
    "Hear the Nightingale Sing" (1945), southern girl defends pet mule in Civil War: analysis by 7 critics
    The Forest of the South (1945), first story collection: analysis by 16 critics
    "The Petrified Woman" (1947), metaphor of Feminism: analysis by 6 critics
    "The Presence" (1948), Aleck Maury saves his soul: analysis by 9 critics
    The Strange Children (1951), little girl sees more than intellectual parents do: analysis by 32 critics
    "Emmanuele! Emmanuele!" (1954), Postmodern writer (Gide) worships himself: analysis by 6 critics
    The Malefactors (1956), the best American novel of religious conversion: analysis by 23 critics
    "One against Thebes" (1961), girl rejects fantasy, accepts reality: analysis by 6 critics
    Old Red and Other Stories (1963): analysis by 10 critics
    "Cock-Crow" (1965): analysis by 4 critics
    The Glory of Hera (1972), Greek myth of Heracles prefigures Christ: analysis by 15 critics
    The Collected Stories of Caroline Gordon (1981, 1999): Introduction by Robert Penn Warren
    cartoon of Gordon and Allen Tate
    50 critics discuss Gordon

Gothicism

Gunn, Thom (1927-2004), "To Yvor Winters" (1955)

Guthrie, A. B. (1901-1991), The Big Sky (1947), mountain men of the frontier West: commentary
    The Way West (1950), sequel to The Big Sky, Pulitzer Prize

Hall, Donald (1928-2018), "The Impossible Marriage"--Dickinson & Whitman (1986): humor

Hardwick, Elizabeth (1916-2007), major essayist, critic, fiction writer, co-founder NYRB
    Introduction to Hardwick
    450 quotations:
      family, education, personal, America, money, New York, Jewish culture, Robert Lowell,
      once a radical, the Civil Rights movement, riots and revolution, politicians, reading, art,
      fiction, technique, literary analysis, major fiction, writers, ideas, moral complexity, memory,
      writing, her own fiction, Impressionism, characterizations, landscape, sensations, equality,
      sex, love, marriage, Victorianism, gender, women's liberation, Feminist consciousness,
      women's writing, publishing, critics and reviewers, religion, disbelief, salvation, death.
    wit & humor: 160 quotations
    Modernism
    Existentialism
    Hardwick on writing: quotations
    The style of Hardwick: analysis by 4 critics
    The Ghostly Lover (1945), prototypical young feminist versus love: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Subjection of Women" (1953), influential essay, not PC: scholarship
    The Simple Truth (1955), multiple viewpoints on sexual assault murder trial: analysis by 4 critics
      Afterword to The Simple Truth: by Hardwick (1986)
    "The Decline of Book Reviewing" (1959), essay that influenced the establishment
    "Mary McCarthy" (1961), essay
    "Eugene O'Neill: A Sketch" (1962), essay
    "Frost in His Letters" (1963), essay
    "Reflections on Fiction" (1969), essay
    "Zelda" (1970), essay
    "Sylvia Plath" (c.1972), essay
    "Seduction and Betrayal" (1972), influential essay
    Seduction and Betrayal: Women and Literature (1975), not the Feminist line
    Sleepless Nights (1979), novel with style: admirable feminist succeeds in NY: analysis in detail
      Sleepless Nights: analysis by 16 critics
      Sleepless Nights: review by Joan Didion
      Sleepless Nights: biographical analysis in relation to poet Robert Lowell
    "Unknown Faulkner" (1979), essay
    "Nabokov: Master Class" (1980), essay
    "Bartleby in Manhattan" (1981), essay
    "Katherine Anne Porter" (1982), essay
    "The Fate of the Gifted: Djuna Barnes" (1983), essay
    "The Magical Prose of Poets: Elizabeth Bishop" (1984), essay
    "Sons of the City's Pavements: Delmore Schwartz" (1984), essay
    "The Genius of Margaret Fuller" (1986), essay
    "Gertrude Stein" (1987), essay
    "The Fictions of America" (1987), essay
    "Mrs. Wharton in New York" (1988), essay
    "Citizen Updike" (1989), essay
    "On Washington Square" (1990), essay
    "Reckless People: Richard Ford" (1995), essay
    "In the Wasteland: Joan Didion (1997), essay
    "Mary McCarthy in New York" (1997), essay
    "Paradise Lost: Philip Roth" (1997), essay
    "Melville in Love" (2000), essay
    "The Torrents of Wolfe" (2000), essay
    "The Foster Father: Henry James (2001), essay
    "Funny as a Crutch: Nathanael West" (2003), essay
    The New York Stories of Elizabeth Hardwick (2010): Introduction by Darryl Pinckney
      The New York Stories of Elizabeth Hardwick: review
    The Collected Essays of Elizabeth Hardwick (2017): review
    Memorial tribute by Derek Walcott, New York Times Review of Books (2007)

Harte, Bret (1836-1902), "Tennessee's Partner" (1871): analysis of humor
    wit and humor: "Muck-a-Muck" (1867): parody of Cooper
      "Tennessee's Partner" (1870), prospectors out West: analysis of humor
    Harte in historical survey of the short story by Stegner

Hawkes, John (1925-1998), experimental fiction writer
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Second Skin (1964): analysis

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864): major figure in world literature, Christian allegorist
    Introduction to Hawthorne
    25 major themes in Hawthorne
    chronology of publications
    193 quotations:
      veils, becoming an author, artist of the beautiful, predestination, faith, doubts, theology,
      miracles, other states of being, ghosts, Platonic idealism, Nature, animals, human nature,
      freedom in wilderness, sweet society, Victorianism, romantic love, sexual desire, purity,
      mature love, domestic bliss, holy hearth, Angel in the House, head and heart psychology,
      lack of heart, spiritual death, Unpardonable Sin, the unconscious, conscience, sin, guilt,
      repression, sublimation, displacement, psychosomatic illness, madness, Democracy,
      black inequality, brotherhood, Socialism, progress, evolution, reformers, radical Feminists,
      Zenobia, Margaret Fuller, women's movement, gender equality, ministers should be
      women, Transcendentalists, happiness, art, allegories, history, writing about America,
      the Puritans, Melville, death, immortality, from Prefaces.
    allegory
    Romanticism
    Victorianism
    Feminism in American literature
    Feminists assault Hawthorne: rebuttal
    Hawthorne in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The style of Hawthorne: analysis by 29 critics
    "The Maypole of Merry Mount" (1836), most comprehensive tale: analysis
    "The Gentle Boy" (1832), Puritans vs Quakers, theme of balancing head and heart: analysis
    "Young Goodman Brown" (1835), Calvinist doctrine of total depravity is hell: analysis
      "Young Goodman Brown": commentary by Caroline Gordon
    "Roger Malvin's Burial" (1832), first individuation to salvation theme in Amer lit: analysis
    "The Minister's Black Veil" (1836), anti-Calvinist vision: analysis
    "Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales" (1842): review by Poe quoted
    The Birthmark (1843), science & perfectionism can kill you: analysis
    "Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844), poisonous Eden of modern world: analysis
      Rappaccini's Daughter: fictional film adaptation (2004)
    "The Artist of the Beautiful" (1844), individuation of artist: analysis
    "The Old Manse" (1846), autobiography of Victorian idealist: analysis
    anonymous review by Hawthorne of Melville's Typee (1846)
    "Main Street" (1849), allegory of New England history: analysis
    conceiving The Scarlet Letter (1832-47): quotations
    "Hawthorne and His Mosses" (1850): review by Melville quoted
    The Scarlet Letter (1850): concise analysis
      The Scarlet Letter: analysis by chapter
      50 critics discuss The Scarlet Letter
    The House of the Seven Gables (1851), American history allegorized: analysis
    The Blithedale Romance (1852), allegory satirizing Utopianism: analysis censored by Feminists
      Blithedale (2005): fictional film adaptation
    The Marble Faun (1860), Fall of Man & young American artists in Italy: analysis
      The Marble Faun: review by James Russell Lowell (1860)
    "On Visiting the Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreau" (1886), Jones Very
    Hawthorne: Calvin's Ironic Stepchild (1986): negative review with overview of Hawthorne
    50 critics discuss Hawthorne

Hecht, Anthony (1923-2004), "Samuel Sewall" (1954): poem rendering the Puritan judge who apologized

Hecht, Ben (1915-1964): top screenwriter in Hollywood also wrote many literary stories
    28 quotations:
      Hollywood, movies, producers, writing in Hollywood, rich and poor, newspapers, human illusion,
      the Internet, wisdom, love, modesty, God.

Heller, Joseph (1923-1999), one-trick pony: absurdist black humor
    Introduction to Heller
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Catch-22 (1961), influential cynical humor, filmed--WWII was insane: analysis by 8 critics
    Something Happened (1974), Bob Slo-cum feels guilty for death of son, is repetitive and boring
    Good as Gold (1979), conventional, witty Jewish experience comparable to Philip Roth
    God Knows (1984), rewrites the Bible--the "real" life of a falsified King David of Israel

Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961): most popular 20th century literary writer (Nobel Prize 1954)
    Introduction to Hemingway
    public image of Hemingway: 2 critics discuss
    Feminists assault, stereotype and censor Hemingway: rebuttal
    "Hemingwarp": analysis of false stereotype
    280 quotations:
      youth, pain, escapes, WWI, wounds, disappointing first love, war, Paris, determinism and free
      will, Existentialism, Christianity, credo, grace under pressure, women, love, generosity, loyalty,
      politics, literary politics, Communism, revolution, America, American literature, Lincoln, Twain,
      John O'Hara, Gertrude Stein, Djuna Barnes, Ezra Pound, e.e. cummings, T.S. Eliot, James Joyce,
      influences, Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, Wilder and Dos Passos, Faulkner, Dostoevsky, Turgenieff,
      Tolstoi, Chekov, Thomas Mann and Sinclair Lewis, aspiration, learning to write, creative
      continuity, rejection, economy, simplicity, purity, poetry, objective correlative, iceberg principle,
      similes, symbolism, examples of natural symbols, clarity, Realism, vicarious experience,
      Expressionism, convention, bullfight metaphor of aesthetics, good writing, advice to writers,
      live intensely, listen and observe, solitude, talent and discipline, revision, slang, dictionary,
      knowledge, shit detector, audience, popularity, Hollywood, movie adaptations of his works,
      The Old Man and the Sea, writers who teach, critics, Postmodernism, old age, declining health,
      summation, death, heaven, immortality, desecration.
    wit & humor: from The Sun Also Rises
    Neoclassicism
    Realism
    Modernism
    Existentialism
    iceberg principle
    objective correlative
    Hemingway in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The style of Hemingway, the most influential style in history: analysis by 28 critics
    23 parodies of Hemingway
    "Up in Michigan" (1921), raped girl is graceful under pressure: analysis
      "Up in Michigan" fictional film adaptation
    In Our Time (1925): general analysis by 6 critics
      "On the Quai at Smyrna," massacre of Greeks by Turks: analysis by 3 critics
      "Indian Camp," white doc callous toward son and Indian mother giving birth: analysis
        "Indian Camp" fictional film adaptation
      "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife," suicidal doc unhappily married: analysis by 5 critics
      "The End of Something," girl with grace under pressure vs immature boyfriend: analysis
      "The Three-Day Blow," immature boy regrets dropping girlfriend: analysis by 3 critics
      "The Battler," punch drunk boxer now an exploited hobo: analysis by 2 critics
      "A Very Short Story," autobiographical basis for A Farewell to Arms: analysis by 4 critics
      "Soldier's Home," perhaps the best war vet story ever written: analysis
      "The Revolutionist," anti-Communist: analysis by 2 critics
      "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot": analysis by 4 critics
      "Cat in the Rain," ambivalent modern woman trying to be independent: analysis
        "Cat in the Rain" fictional film adaptation
      "Out of Season": analysis by 4 critics
      "Cross-Country Snow": analysis by 4 critics
      "My Old Man," boy learns father is dishonest: analysis by 4 critics
      "Big Two-Hearted River," fishing therapy for vet a classic in anthologies: analysis
        10 critics discuss "Big Two-Hearted River"
      "L'Envoi": analysis
    The Sun Also Rises (1926), Modernist classic, the lost generation after WWI: analysis by chapter
      12 quotations of Hemingway about The Sun Also Rises
      25 critics discuss The Sun Also Rises
      NBC television miniseries (1984), unfaithful to the novel: see "Hemingwarp" (2000)
    "Alpine Idyll" (1926): analysis
    "The Killers" (1927), hit men in a diner in Hem's most influential style: analysis
    "Hills Like White Elephants" (1927), woman considering abortion fights man's bull: analysis
      "Hills Like White Elephants" fictional film adaptation
    "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" (1927), classic Existentialism: analysis
      10 critics discuss "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place"
      "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" fictional film adaptation
    "Ten Indians" (1927): analysis
    "Sing a Song of Critics" (1927), satirical poem by Hemingway
    A Farewell to Arms (1929), tragic WWI love story in Italy: analysis by 21 critics
      A Farewell to Arms, film adaptation (1932), Gary Cooper & overacting Helen Hayes
      A Farewell to Arms, film adaptation by Ben Hecht (1957), spoiled by David O. Selznik
    "The Sea Change" (1931): analysis
    "The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" (1933), trying to escape nada: analysis
    "The Light of the World" (1933): analysis
    "Wine of Wyoming" (1933): analysis
    "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1936), safari sex triangle: analysis by 8 critics
    "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936), writer dying of rot among the rich: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Capital of the World" (1936): analysis
    To Have and Have Not (1937), smuggling out of Cuba--class conflict: analysis by 10 critics
    For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), American in Spanish Civil War: analysis by 13 critics
      For Whom the Bell Tolls, film adaptation by Dudley Nichols (1943): analysis
    Hemingway liberates the Left Bank in Paris (1944): true WWII action
    Across the River and into the Trees (1950), WWII vet dying in Venice: analysis by 9 critics
    The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the soul of Hemingway, Pulitzer Prize: analysis in detail
      Review of The Old Man and the Sea by William Faulkner (1952)
      15 critics discuss The Old Man and the Sea
      The Old Man and the Sea, poor film adaptation by Peter Viertel (1958): review
    Islands in the Stream (1970), adventures in the Caribbean: analysis by 3 critics
    The Garden of Eden in censored edition (1986): analysis by 10 critics
      Feminists censor and rewrite The Garden of Eden: analysis
      African Betrayal, from The Garden of Eden: analysis by 5 critics
    The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987): review
    Women in Hemingway: fictional film adaptations of "Up in Michigan," "Indian Camp," "A Clean,
      Well-Lighted Place," "Cat in the Rain," "Hills Like White Elephants," from Follywood (2005)
    50 critics discuss Hemingway

Henry, O. (William Sydney Porter) (1862-1910), formulaic story writer dominated market
    Introduction to O. Henry
    26 quotations of O. Henry
    wit & humor: "Blue Blotch of Cowardice" (1896): parody of Stephen Crane
    O. Henry in historical survey of the short story by Stegner

Henry, Patrick (1736-1799), "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" (1775)

Hersey, John (1914-1993), journalistic fiction writer
    A Bell for Adano (1944), World War II in Italy, Pulitzer Prize
    Hiroshima (1946)

Hijuelas, Oscar ( 1951-2013), distinguished Cuban-American writer on Latino immigrant assimilation
    The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989), Pulitzer Prize, film

Hoffenstein, Samuel (1890-1947), "Miss Millay Says Something Too" (1928): parody

Hollister, Michael (1938- ), novelist
    "Jonathan Edwards" (2004): fictional comic biopic
    "Modern Chivalry" (2004): fictional film adaptation of Hugh Brackenridge
    "Wieland" (2004): fictional film adaptation of Charles Brockden Brown
    "Blithedale" (2005): fictional film adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne
    "Pierre" (2005): fictional film adaptation of Herman Melville
    "The Monster" (2005): fictional film adaptation of Stephen Crane
    "Women in Hemingway" (2005): fictional film adaptations of 5 stories
    "As I Lay Dying" (2006): fictional film adaptation of William Faulkner
    "Feminist Professors Rule," from Hollyworld (2006): autobiographical
    "Pinchy Ciphering" (2009): satire of Thomas Pynchon
    "Barthelbe Brothers Mortuary" (2009): satire of Donald & Frederick Barthelme
    AmerLit.com

Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894): Boston Brahmin, Neoclassical poet and wit
    Introduction to Holmes
    78 quotations:
      autobiographical, pursuit of truth, freedom, iconoclasm, courage, Puritan heritage, pastoralism
      balancing puritanism, friendship, common sense, love, woman, education, wisdom, genius,
      language, verse, puns, inner music, fame, critics, old age, death.
    Neoclassicism
    "Old Ironsides" (1830): commentary
    "The Deacon's Masterpiece" (1858): satirizes collapse of Calvinism
    "The Chambered Nautilus," symbol of individuation (1858): commentary

Houghton, Firman (1920-1985), "Mr. Frost Goes South to Boston" (1961): parody

Howells, William Dean (1837-1920): genteel leader of the Realist movement     Introduction to Howells
    83 quotations:
      autobiographical, slavery, idealism, books, suffering, disillusionment, utilitarianism, Socialism,
      Puritanism, Victorianism, gentility, rebellion of a Realist, women, literature, Romantic literature,
      Jane Austen, Naturalism, Turgeniev, American literature, Realism, Realism vs Romance, Nature,
      human nature, real life, the commonplace, religion, death, advice.
    Neoclassicism
    Victorianism
    Realism
    The Rise of Silas Lapham (1884): analysis by 12 critics

Hughes, Langston (1902-1967), prolific legendary black poet, fiction writer, playwright, historian,
      biographer, translator, editor, role model--major influence on later black writers
    Introduction to Hughes
    "Florida Road Workers" (1927), transcendental poem: analysis
    I Wonder as I Wander (1956), autobiographical account of his life in the 1930s

Hurston, Zora Neale (1903?-1960), most important black female writer in Harlem Renaissance
    Introduction to Hurston
    Ethnic fiction
    Realism
    Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), her best novel, woman's life struggle through three marriages

Hutchinson, Anne (1591-1643), rebel in Puritan settlement was Hawthorne's model for Hester Prynne
    Introduction to Hutchinson
    "The trial of Anne Hutchinson," Perry Miller
    Journal of John Winthrop (1636-38): on the trial

iceberg principle

Imagism

Imagism: "Rules," Preface to Some Imagist Poets (1915), Amy Lowell

Imagist poetry: 9 poems

Impressionism

individuation

Ionesco, Eugene (French) (1909-1994), The Lesson (1954), absurdist Postmodernist play: analysis

irony

Irving, John (1942- ): popular liberal novelist and most famous satirist of radical Feminism
    Introduction to Irving
    "Why John Irving Is So Popular" (1982), Joseph Epstein
    102 quotations:
      missing father, family, Freud, wrestling, education to writing, comic novels, popular culture,
      Postmodernism, Postmodern fiction, Feminism, radical Feminism, Feminist writing, Political
      Correctness, Marxism, literature, American literature, memory, preparing to write, writing,
      his novels, critics.
    Postmodernism: Realism
    Feminism in American literature
    The Feminist Period (1970-present)
    Feminists assault Irving, critics cower
    The World According to Garp (1978), National Book Award, sensationally popular satire
      of radical Feminism: analysis
      humor from Garp (sounds like vomiting)
      9 liberal critics discuss Garp without acknowledging satire of Feminism (liberal media)
    The Hotel New Hampshire (1981), liberal family saga set in Vienna: analysis by 3 critics
    The Cider House Rules (1985), liberal argument for morality of abortion: analysis by 2 critics
    A Prayer for Owen Meany (1989): analysis by 2 critics
    12 critics discuss Irving

Irving, Washington (1783-1859): elegant Victorian stylist wrote two world classic stories
    Introduction to Irving
    67 quotations of Washington Irving:
      character, common people, law, acting, Europe, women, Victorianism, marriage, Angel in the
      House, hippie in the hills, pastoralism, books, literature, writing, wit and humor, Ichabod Crane,
      Indians, blacks, history, uncertainty, change, most recurrent theme, old age, death.
    pastoralisms
    Romanticism
    Victorianism
    Irving in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    humor from A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty
      (1809): Europeans, Indians & Lunatics
    "Rip Van Winkle" (1819), archetypal male escapism: analysis
    "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1819), Ichabod Crane the comical academic: analysis
    "The Wife" (1819), model of Victorianism: analysis
    4 critics discuss Irving

Jackson, Shirley (1919-1965), "The Lottery" (1949), world classic: analysis
    allegory

James, Clive (Australian) (1939-2019), from "Robert Lowell's Notebook" (1986): parody
    "Richard Wilbur's Faberge Egg Factory" (1986): parody

James, Henry (1843-1916): supremely influential Realist in world literature
    Introduction to James
    "The Foster Father: Henry James" (2001), Elizabeth Hardwick
    140 quotations:
      life, defining himself, unmarried, success, money, idealistic teacher, England, America,
      Civil War, human nature, values, manners, society, women, American women, New Woman,
      reformers, art, interest, objectivity, organic form, experimentalism, style, irony, solidity of
      specification, character, dramatization, comic muddlement, complications, closure, perfection,
      Realism, real and romantic, moral sense, experience, sensibility, Impressionism, Expressionism,
      gentility, criticism, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Poe, Fuller, Emerson, drama, Live!, death.
    Realism
    Impressionism
    Modernism
    "The Art of Fiction" (1884), by James: quotations
    James in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The complex analytical style of James: analysis by 9 critics
    5 parodies of James
    Daisy Miller (1879), most popular work, Daisy as "the American girl": analysis by chapter
    Washington Square (1880): analysis by Elizabeth Hardwick
      Washington Square, film adaptation The Heiress (1949): review
      Washington Square, best film adaptation, theme of renunciation (1997): review
    The Portrait of a Lady (1881), liberated American girl abroad makes choices: analysis by 16 critics
    The Bostonians (1886), satire of radical Feminism booed in Boston: analysis by 12 critics
      The Bostonians film adaptation by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1984): commentary
      humor from The Bostonians: "Portrait of a Bluestocking"
    The Turn of the Screw (1898), classic ghost story: analysis by 20 critics
      The Turn of the Screw, "The Foster Father: Henry James" (2001), Elizabeth Hardwick
    The Wings of the Dove (1902), seeking transcendence: analysis by 10 critics
    "The Beast in the Jungle" (1903), live while you can: analysis by chapter
      "The Beast in the Jungle": commentary by Allen Tate
    The Ambassadors (1903), best in major phase: analysis by 12 critics
      "Style in The Ambassadors," analysis by Ian Watt
      "An Error in The Ambassadors," by Yvor Winters
    The Golden Bowl (1904): analysis by 6 critics
    "The Jolly Corner" (1908), paranormal encounter: analysis by 12 critics
    Edith Wharton describes James asking directions
    50 critics discuss James

Jarrell, Randall (1914-1965), poet, veteran of WWII
    "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner" (1948): WW II poem
    The Woman at the Washington Zoo (1961), poems, National Book Award

Jeffers, Robinson (1887-1962), "Ocean" (1954), pantheist poem

Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826): President embodies American independence and liberty
    Introduction to Jefferson
    170 quotations:
      autobiographical, liberalism, agrarian pastoralism, education, reason, books, liberty, religious
      freedom, newspapers, censorship, political correctness, rebellion, slavery, equality, Democracy,
      minority rights, government, money, spending, Socialism, guns, conquest, foreign policy,
      enemies, war, friends, religion, character, wisdom, health, Epicurus, happiness, old age,
      last words, future of America.
    Neoclassicism
    Deism
    Agrarian Pastoralism
    Jefferson's agrarian pastoralism: analysis by 2 critics
    The Declaration of American Independence (1776)
    from Notes on the State of Virginia (1784-5): quoted

Jewett, Sarah Orne (1849-1909), Victorian New England local colorist
    Victorianism
    Realism
    "A White Heron" (1886), her most praised fiction: analysis
      "A White Heron" fictional film adaptation (2005)
    The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896): analysis by 9 critics
    13 critics discuss Jewett

Johnson, Charles (1948- ), black philosophical fiction writer, TV scriptwriter, artist, critic, and editor
    Introduction to Johnson
    Ethnic Fiction
    Realism
    Faith and the Good Thing (1974), novel in oral tradition of folk fable
    Oxherding Tale (1982), novel as dramatic monologue
    "Exchange Value" (1982), highly acclaimed short story
    The Sorcerer's Apprentice (1986), collection of short fiction
    Being and Race: Black Writing Since 1970 (1988), new directions
    Middle Passage (1989), novel on the slave trade, National Book Award

Johnson, Denis (1949-2017), Tree of Smoke (2006), Vietnam War, poetic style, National Book Award

Jones, James (1921-1997), WWII vet, military novelist, sex and violence, some good characterization
    Introduction to Jones
    Naturalism
    From Here to Eternity (1951), WWII novel set in Hawaii, National Book Award, was filmed:
      analysis by 4 critics
    The Pistol (1959), shortest, most artful novel, set in Hawaii at outbreak of war like Eternity
    The Thin Red Line (1962), combat on Guadalcanal, same characters as Eternity but renamed
    Whistle (1978), last in trilogy of war novels

Joyce, James (Irish) (1882-1941), most influential experimental Modernist fiction writer of 20th century
    Modernism
    Postmodernism
    stream of consciousness
    Dubliners (1914):
      "Clay": analysis
      "The Dead" (1914): commentary by Allen Tate
      "The Dead" film adaptation by John Huston and son (1987): commentary
    Ulysses (1922): commentary by 10 critics
    "The Waste Land" (1925), parody of T. S. Eliot by Joyce with commentary

Kantor, MacKinlay (1904-1977), journalist and fiction writer, Andersonville (1955), Pulitzer Prize

Kelly, Fanny (1845-1904), "Introductory," My Captivity among the Sioux Indians (1871)
    Introduction to Fanny Kelly by Jules Zanger
    Indian captivity narratives

Kennedy, John F. (1917-1963): inspirational U.S. President: 35 quotations

Kennedy, William (1928- ), Naturalistic fiction writer, Ironweed (1983), Pulitzer Prize

Kennedy, X. J. (1929- ), "Emily Dickinson Leaves a Message to the World Now That Her Homestead in
    Amherst Has an Answering Machine" (1992): humor

Kerouac, Jack (1922-1969): rebel Beatnik counterculture hero
    Introduction to Kerouac
    129 quotations:
      society, freedom, education, Existentialism, self-criticism, madness, Beat Generation,
      love, sex, women, the Road, Los Angeles, Times Square, America, pastoralism, Buddhism,
      Transcendentalism, dreaming, God, writing, style, critics, Hemingway, Gertrude Stein,
      Thomas Wolfe, 1960s countercultural revolution, Postmodernism, politics, summary
      of beliefs, advice, death.
    Beat Generation
    Hip Pastoralism
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    On the Road (1958): analysis
    "On the Sidewalk" (1959), by John Updike: parody
    13 critics discuss Kerouac

Kesey, Ken (1935-2001), iconic hipster, 1960s counterculture libertarian
    Introduction to Kesey
    Hip Pastoralism
    Merry Pranksters
    Postmodernism: 1960s Countercultural Fiction
    One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), free spirit versus The Combine: analysis by 15 critics
      One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest, popular film adaptation by Hauben & Goldman (1975): analysis
    Sometimes a Great Notion (1964), conflict of brother loggers (brawn and brains): analysis by 2
      Sometimes a Great Notion, film adaptation (1971)
    "The RPM" (1973): parody of Kesey by Jack F. McComb

King, Jr., Martin Luther (1929-1968): greatest black leader and orator of 20th century
    "The Apotheosis of Martin Luther King" (1968), Elizabeth Hardwick
    87 quotations:
      education, war, leadership, obligation to speak out, brotherhood, nonviolent protest, peace,
      law and order, race, hate, revenge, fear and guilt, integration, character, human nature,
      virtues, Postmodernism, Communism, infinite hope, from "I Have a Dream," death.
    "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963): analysis
    "I Have a Dream" (1963): analysis
    The style of Martin Luther King: analysis by 9 critics

King, Stoddard, "Poem for Benjamin Franklin's Birthday: (1926): wit

Kingston, Maxine Hong (1940- ), the major Chinese-American writer
    Introduction to Kingston
    Ethnic Fiction
    The Woman Warrior (1976), life of Chinese-American girl: analysis by 21 critics
    China Men (1980), National Book Award: analysis by 6 critics
    Tripmaster Monkey (1989): analysis by 4 critics

Kinnell, Galway (1927-2014), "For William Carlos Williams" (1960)
    "The Deconstruction of Emily Dickinson" (1994)

Knox, Ronald (1888-1957), "Battology" (1927): parody of Gertrude Stein

Koch, Kenneth (1925-2002), "Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams" (2005): parody

Kosinski, Jerzy (1933-1991), controversial Polish refugee from Nazis taught himself English,
      published nihilistic novels, became a decadent celebrity, committed suicide
    Introduction to Kosinski
    Minimalism
    Gothicism
    Naturalism
    Postmodernism
    The Painted Bird (1965), wandering Jewish boy endures WWII horror, understated
    Steps (1968), alienation, violence, emptiness, National Book Award
    Being There (1970), short comic novel, minimalist Postmodernism--film is funnier: analysis by 2

Kumin, Maxine (1929-2014), contemporary poet
    Up Country (1973), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "After the Poetry Reading" (1996): Emily Dickinson reborn

Kunitz, Stanley (1905-2006), Selected Poems 1928-1958, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Lang, Andrew (Scot) (1844-1912), "Brahma": parody of Ralph Waldo Emerson

Lardner, Ring (1885-1933), satirical Realist short story writer once very popular for humor and wisecracks;
    best stories still anthologized: "Haircut," "The Love Nest," "You Know Me, Al," "The Big Town,"
      "The Golden Honeymoon," "Champion"
    "Ring Lardner" (1963), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Lardner in historical survey of the short story by Stegner

LeGuin, Ursula K. (1929-2018), The Lathe of Heaven (1971), Feminist sci-fi gender warrior welcomes
      invasion from outer space to establish female dictatorship on earth: analysis
    Feminist Period (1970-present)

Leonard, Larry, Far Walker (1988), long animal fable about lemmings: review

Lesley, Craig, Winterkill (1984), realistic contemporary NW Indian domestic novel: review

Lewis, Sinclair (1885-1951): satirical Realist & Socialist was first American awarded Nobel Prize (1930)
    Introduction to Lewis
    Realism
    Socialism
    Main Street (1920), small town middle America satirized: analysis by 10 critics
    Babbitt (1922), Midwest booster conformist briefly rebels: analysis by 11 critics
      "Speech by George F. Babbitt to the Zenith Real Estate Board," from Babbitt: satire
    Arrowsmith (1925), idealistic medical research, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 7 critics
    Elmer Gantry (1927), satire of corrupt evangelism: analysis by 2 critics
    Dodsworth (1929), American businessman abroad: analysis by 5 critics
    It Can't Happen Here (1935), fascist takeover of U.S. government: analysis by 4 critics
    "Virga Vay & Allan Cedar" (1945), text: satire
    32 critics discuss Lewis

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865): iconic savior of the Union and best writer among U.S. Presidents
    Introduction to Lincoln
    55 quotations:
      self-deprecating humor, common man, devotion to mother, God, morality, character, self-reliance,
      patience, hustle, success, books, tact, positive thinking, equality, slavery, the South, America,
      education, opposition to Socialism, politicians, advice, death.
    The style of Lincoln, mainly "The Gettysburg Address": analysis by 11 critics
    "The Gettysburg Address" (1865): most revered American speech

London, Jack (1876-1916): conflicted Socialist/individualist & world bestseller
    Introduction to London
    Naturalism
    The Call of the Wild (1903), atavistic dog reverts in far North: analysis by 3 critics
    The Sea Wolf (1904), Naturalism after Nietzsche: analysis by 4 critics
    Martin Eden (1909), sailor gets an education and kills himself like London: analysis by 6 critics
    20 critics discuss London

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882): Victorian bard, most beloved American poet of 19th century
    Introduction to Longfellow
    63 quotations:
      aspiration, education, translations, wreck of the Hesperus, young America, urban security,
      progress, human nature, health, religion, love, Victorianism, woman, pastoralism, Puritan
      heritage, literature, critics, charity, inspiration, sleep, death, last words, immortality.
    Victorianism
    "A Psalm of Life" (1838): analysis
    "The Rainy Day" (1842)
    "The Slave's Dream" (1842)
    "The Day Is Done" (1844)
    "What Hiawatha Probably Did" (1856): parody of Longfellow

Lost Generation (1920s)

Lowell, Amy (1874-1925): Pound called her poetic theory "Amygism"
    Imagism
    "Meditation" (c.1915): Imagist poem
    Rules from the Preface to Some Imagist Poets (1915)
    Pulitzer Prize (1926)

Lowell, James Russell (1819-1891): Boston Brahmin, Neoclassical critic and poet
    Introduction to Lowell
    24 quotations:
      slavery, freedom, Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Fuller, himself, "Graves of English Soldiers
      at Concord," wisdom, old age, Thoreau, Puritanism, Emerson, Transcendentalism,
      literary criticism, Genius.
    "A Fable for Critics" (1848): critiquing Emerson, Bryant, Hawthorne, Cooper, Fuller, Poe, Irving,
      Holmes, and himself
    "Margaret Fuller as Minerva" (1848): satire expressing common male view of Fuller
    "Review of The Marble Faun" by Hawthorne (1860)
    "Moral Mutiny in New England" (1865): recalling the Transcendentalists

Lowell, Robert (1917-1977), autobiographical Postmodernist poet occasionally went insane
    "Mr. Edwards and the Spider" (1944): analysis
    Lord Weary's Castle (1947), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Skunk Hour" (1959), decadence of New England culture: analysis
    "Words for Hart Crane" (1959)
    Life Studies (1960), collected poems, National Book Award
    "T. S. Eliot" (1969)
    "Ezra Pound" (1969)
    "Robert Frost" (1969)
    The Dolphin (1974), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    from "Robert Lowell's Notebook" (1986), by Clive James: parody

Luce, Clare Boothe (1903-1987): influential wit, dramatist, politician, and diplomat
    33 quotations:
      autobiographical, men, women, family values, Feminism, politicians, human nature, money,
      Postmodernism, Communism.

Lummis, C. F. (1859-1928), "A Poe-em of Passion" (c.1882): parody of Poe

Lytle, Andrew (1902-1995), Southern Agrarian fiction writer, essayist, critic
    Agrarian Pastoralism
    The Velvet Horn (1957), mythic method, Faulknerian style: analysis

MacLeish, Archibald (1892-1982), poet, dramatist, professor, public servant--three Pulitzer Prizes
    Introduction to MacLeish
    Modernism
    "Ars Poetica" (c.1915): "A poem should not mean / But be."
    Conquistador (1932), epic of attempted conquest of Aztecs by the Spanish, Pulitzer Prize
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1952)
    Collected Poems (1953), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    J.B. (1958), play based on biblical Job, Pulitzer Prize
    Collected Poems, 1917-1982 (1985), Pulitzer Prize

Mailer, Norman (1923-2008), manic rebel hipster & wife-stabber with hyper Expressionist style
    Introduction to Mailer
    Existentialism
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    The Naked and the Dead (1948), leftist view of WW II in the Pacific: commentary by 5 critics
    The Deer Park (1955), turgid prose against the Blacklist in Hollywood: analysis by 5 critics
    The Executioner's Song (1979), true account of murderer Gary Gilmore, Pulitzer Prize
    12 critics discuss Mailer

Malamud, Bernard (1914-1986), major Kafkaesque short story writer portrays Jew as suffering Humanity
    Introduction to Malamud
    Ethnic Fiction
    The Natural (1952) mythic baseball novel became popular film
    The Magic Barrel (1958), story collection, National Book Award
    A New Life (1961), leftist academic novel satirizes conservative professors: quotations
    "The Jewbird" (1963), one of his best stories
    The Fixer (1966), NB Award, Pulitzer Prize: Jew unjustly imprisoned in Tsarist Russia in 1913
    The Stories of Bernard Malamud (1983)

Mamet, David (1947- ): best living American playwright
    Introduction to Mamet
    57 quotations of Mamet:
      autobiographical, human nature, women, equality, 1960s counterculture, the avant-garde,
      rejects liberalism, big government, reason vs utopianism, abortion, affirmative action, fairness,
      free enterprise, no longer "brain-dead," conservatism, America, academics, Postmodernism,
      Political Correctness, Hollywood, critic, drama, writing dramas, audience, advice, death.
    Postmodernism
    Feminist Period (1970-present)
    Political Correctness and backlash against it
    Oleanna (1992), Feminist fascism in higher education: analysis by act
    "Why I Am No Longer a 'Brain-Dead Liberal'" (2008): quotations

March, William (1893-1954), "The Little Wife" (1930), model of Realism: analysis
    Realism
    March in historical survey of the short story by Stegner

Markham, Edwin (1852-1940), "The Man with a Hoe" (1899): famous poem about class struggle

Marxist professors in American higher education: overall statistics (2007)

Mason, Bobbie Ann (1940- ), Shiloh and Other Stories (1982), authentic Kentucky Realism: review

McCarthy, Cormac (1933- ): major Modernist novelist after Porter, Gordon, O'Connor & Stafford
    Introduction to McCarthy
    167 quotations:
      youth, the West, America, history, morality, pessimism, consolations, stoicism, God, human
      nature, savagery, humanity, civilization, determinism, Existentialism, women, sex, beauty,
      ladies picnic at the Civil War, unmarried, teaching creative writing, liberals, utopianism,
      abortion, fools, war, reality, Postmodernism, drugs, cowardice, bad government, futile politics,
      apocalyptic vision, barbarism, truth, literature, Political Correctness, writing, style, old age, death.
    Gothicism
    Naturalism
    Expressionism
    Modernism
    Postmodernism
    pastoralism
    The style of Cormac McCarthy: analysis by 4 critics
    The Orchard Keeper (1965), eco-lament, Faulkner Foundation Award: analysis by 5 critics
    Outer Dark (1968), Jungian allegory of evil "shadow": analysis by 6 critics
    Child of God (1974), Platonism and horrific human nature: analysis by 7 critics
    Suttree (1979), most autobiographical and complex novel: analysis by 10 critics
    Blood Meridian (1985), gory historical western in dazzling style: analysis by 20 critics
    All the Pretty Horses (1992), his most popular western, National Book Award: analysis by 12
    No Country for Old Men (2005), Postmodern evil prevails, filmed: analysis by 4 critics
    The Road (2006), major post-apocalyptic allegory, perhaps his best novel: analysis in detail
      The Road: second analysis
      God in The Road: analysis by 4 critics
    18 critics discuss McCarthy

McCarthy, Mary (1912-1989): satirist, critic, atheist, Marxist, Postmodern fiction writer
    Introduction to McCarthy
    215 quotations:
      girlhood, rebellion, progressive education, Vassar, Neoclassicism, ideas, Existentialism,
      Existentialism, writing, teaching, human nature, Americans, Europe, labor, government,
      capitalism, radical politics, Marxism, Lillian Hellman, forgiveness, anti-Semitism, sex,
      love, marriage, men, women, feminism, triteness, expertise, science, the rich, taste,
      morality, religion, God, death
    wit & humor: 71 quotations
    "Mary McCarthy" (1961), Elizabeth Hardwick
    "Mary McCarthy in New York" (1997), Hardwick
    The Company She Keeps (1942), her most notable stories: overall analysis by 18 critics
      "Cruel and Barbarous Treatment" (1939), satire of female cliches: analysis by 7 critics
      "Rogue's Gallery": analysis by 6 critics
      "The Man in the Brooks Brothers Shirt" (1941), scandalous breakout story: analysis by 12 critics
      "The Genial Host": analysis by 5 critics
      "Portrait of the Intellectual as a Yale Man": analysis by 7 critics
      "Ghostly Father, I Confess," woman to psychiatrist replacing God: analysis by 9 critics
    The Oasis (1949), Utopian intellectuals commune on mountaintop: analysis by 20 critics
    Cast a Cold Eye (1950), collection of minor stories: analysis by 5 critics
    The Groves of Academe (1952), Communist novel defaming Richard Nixon by proxy: analysis by 19
    A Charmed Life (1955), novel exorcizing ex-husband critic Edmund Wilson: analysis by 13 critics
    Venice Observed (1956): intellectual's guidebook
    Memories of a Catholic Girlhood (1957), autobiography of lapsed Catholic: analysis by 12 critics
    The Stones of Florence (1959): intellectual's guidebook
    On the Contrary (1961), naive anti-Modernist rejection of symbolism: analysis
    The Group (1963), vapid Vassar classmates satirized---her big hit: analysis by 23 critics
    Birds of America (1965), Leftist views from 1960s, anti-Vietnam War, etc.: analysis by 8 critics
    The Writing on the Wall and Other Literary Essays (1970)
    Cannibals and Missionaries (1979), terrorists hijack liberals: analysis by 7 critics
    Ideas and the Novel (1980), essays rationalizing her fiction: excerpts
    The Hounds of Summer and Other Stories (1981), minor stories
      "The Appalachian Mountain Revolution," destructive psychiatrists: analysis by 3 critics
    Occasional Prose (1985): includes lectures, prefaces, reviews, criticism, obituaries
    How I Grew (1987), detailed autobiography: analysis
    Intellectual Memoirs: New York 1936-1938 (1992), postures of a Trotskyite Marxist: analysis
    41 critics discuss McCarthy

McComb, Jack F., "The RPM: (1973): parody of Ken Kesey

McCullers, Carson (1917-1967): sentimentalist sympathetic to southern outsiders & grotesques
    Introduction to McCullers
    The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940): analysis
    19 critics discuss McCullers

McElroy, Joseph (1930- ), Plus (1977), disembodied brain in orbit: analysis
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction

McGinley, Phyllis (1905-1978), "The Theology of Jonathan Edwards" (1957): witty poem

McGuane, Thomas (1939- ), novelist with oblique plots, compressed, evocative style
    Introduction to McGuane
    Expressionism
    Postmodernism
    The Sporting Club (1969), millionaire destroys aristocratic club
    The Bushwhacked Piano (1971), picaresque adventures of boy and a mosquito exterminator
    Ninety-two in the Shade (1973), sportfishing in Florida comparable to Hemingway
    Panama (1978), elusive plot, compressed poetic style, vivid imagery, evocative atmosphere: analysis
    Nobody's Angel (1982), relationships on ranches in Montana
    Something to Be Desired (1984), turning a ranch into a hot springs health resort

McKay, Claude (1890-1948), ambivalent black poet rejected Communism, became a Catholic
    Introduction to McKay
    Songs of Jamaica (1912), racial pride in dialect
    "The White City" (1922)
    "America" (1922)
    A Long Way from Home (1937), autobiography
    Selected Poetry and Prose, 1912-1948 (1973)

McMurtry, Larry (1936-2021), Lonesome Dove (1985) well written popular Western: recommended

McPherson, James Alan (1943-2016), friendly black Realist transcends race like Martin Luther King
    Introduction to McPherson
    Hue and Cry (1969), clever title, mostly grim stories set in violent summer of 1968
    Elbow Room (1977), best collection, realistic longterm optimism on race relations,
      Pulitzer Prize (1978): commentary
    MacArthur Foundation Award (1981)

Melville, Herman (1819-1891): giant in world literature wrote Moby-Dick, greatest American novel
    Introduction to Melville
    216 quotations:
      autobiographical, career, "wicked book," allegory, body and soul, wordplay, human nature,
      man as a mob, narcissism, multiple points of view, Calvinism, the world, circularity of life,
      more dark than light, individualism, interdependence, society, Socialism, woman, women's
      rights, gender equality, love, sex, blacks, humanity, Democracy, revolution, America,
      westward movement, philosophy, Truth, whale as Truth, transcendent consciousness, balance,
      imbalance and inversion, solipsism, revenge, God, Christ, Christ-evoking, Christianity, religion,
      faith, virtue, criticism of clergy, agnosticism, Existentialism, Nature, Platonism, pantheism,
      determinism and free will, writing, style, Solomon, Dana, Coleridge, Montaigne, Poe, Emerson,
      Hawthorne, Shakespeare, critics, Captain Vere, old age, advice, death, afterlife, immortality.
    Romanticism
    allegory
    25 major themes
    Romantic style (Moby-Dick), then Neoclassical style (Billy Budd) of Melville: analysis by 35 critics
    Melville in the history of philosophy, Herbert W. Schneider
    "Melville in Love" (2000) Elizabeth Hardwick
    Typee (1846), Adam and Eve were cannibals: analysis by 9 critics
      Typee: anonymous review by Hawthorne (1846)
    Omoo (1847), civilization spoils Polynesia: analysis by 5 critics
    Mardi (1849), elusive allegory of quest for Truth in Pacific islands: analysis by 7 critics
    Redburn (1849), boy ships out to sordid Liverpool: analysis by 3 critics
    White-Jacket (1850), Navy sailor loses innocence: analysis by 3 critics
    "Hawthorne and His Mosses" (1850): quotations from review by Melville
    Moby-Dick (1851), the greatest American novel: concise analysis including 30 key metaphors
      Moby-Dick and Pym: analysis in depth contrasting egalitarian Melville with racist Poe
      50 critics discuss Moby-Dick
      21 different interpretations of the white whale
      humor from Moby-Dick
      excellent film adaptation of Moby-Dick by John Huston (1956): commentary
    Pierre (1852), tragedy of idealistic artist who tries to be Christlike: analysis by 7 critics
      Pierre: analysis by E. L. Grant Watson (1930)
      Pierre: fictional film adaptation, starring Orson Welles (2005)
    "The Lightning-Rod Man" (1853), satire of Calvinism: analysis by 3 critics
    "Bartleby the Scrivener" (1855), archetypal dropout in New York: analysis by 10 critics
      "Bartleby in Manhattan" (1981): analysis by Elizabeth Hardwick
    "The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids" (1855), gender issues: analysis by 3 critics
    Benito Cereno (1855), resonant slave rebellion: analysis by 16 critics
    "I and My Chimney" (1856), autobiography of home life and politics: analysis by 2 critics
    The Confidence-Man (1857), cons on the steamboat of life: analysis by 8 critics
    Billy Budd (1891), Christ-evoking final vision: analysis by chapter
      Billy Budd: analysis by E. L. Grant Watson (1933)
      Billy Budd: film adaptation by Peter Ustinov (1962): analysis
    "Art" (1891): poem by Melville
    William Faulkner praises Moby-Dick (1927)
    "At Melville's Tomb" (1933), Hart Crane
    "Herman Melville" (1933), W. H. Auden
    "To a Portrait of Melville in My Library" (1937), Yvor Winters
    Herman Melville (1958), Conrad Aiken
    50 critics discuss Melville

Mencken, Henry Louis (1880-1956): iconoclast, wit and free speech crusader
    Introduction to Mencken
    180 quotations:
      autobiographical, human nature, men, women, love, men and women, marriage, adultery,
      alimony, morality, Jews, lynching in his state, honor, idealism, cynicism, education, justice,
      reform, progress, government, Communism, freedom, war, Democracy, politics, newspapers,
      judge, art, American literature, writing, criticism, Victorian Political Correctness, adverse
      influence of Puritanism, religion, life, old age, last intelligible words, death, epitaph.
    "Puritanism as a Literary Force," by Mencken: American literary history as of 1917

Merwin, W. S. (1927-2019), major world class poet & translator wrote 50 books of poetry & prose
    Introduction to Merwin
    Selected Translations: 1948-1968 (1968): PEN Translation Prize
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1979)
    Selected Poems (1988)

metaphor

metaphor of the machine: cybernetic fiction (1960s- )

Metaphors, Model of

metaphysical poetry

Michener, James (1907-1997), prolific journalistic fiction writer
Tales of the South Pacific (1948), Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Millay, Edna St. Vincent (1892-1950), vamping romantic poet of Greenwich Village in the 1920s
    "What Lips My Lips Have Kissed" (1923): analysis
    Ballad of the Harp-Weaver (1923), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Miller, Arthur (1915-2005): major Marxist playwright
    Introduction to Miller
    135 quotations:
      outlook, life is a jungle, society, concentration camps, education in drama, motivation, tragedy,
      Death of a Salesman, Marxism, false analogy, The Crucible, Communism, membership in the
      Party?, disillusionment, U.S. House Committee hearing, disloyalty, indictment, double standard,
      treason, America, rejects Socialism, Postmodern drama, popular culture, elitist art, decadent
      literature, Political Correctness, spirituality, Marilyn Monroe, the writer, Eugene O'Neill,
      Modernists, Postmodern fiction, moral basis of his plays, social reform, writing plays,
      writing a hit, creative peak, death of the theater, aesthetics, critics, immortality, death.
    Postmodernism: Drama & Hollywood
    All My Sons (1947): analysis by 4 critics
    Death of a Salesman (1949), his most popular play: analysis by 32 critics
    The Crucible (1953), most successful hoax in American literature: analysis by 18 critics
      Marxist politics and false analogy in The Crucible: from Follywood (2005)
    A View from the Bridge (1955): analysis by 3 critics
    12 critics discuss Miller

Minimalism

Modernism

Momaday, N. Scott (1934- ), Kiowa Indian, one of best Native American fiction writers & poets
    Introduction to Momaday
    House Made of Dawn (1962), Native American classic, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 4 critics
    The Way to Rainy Mountain (1969), memoir & mixed genres: analysis by 20 critics
    Angle of Geese and Other Poems (1974), what it means to be an Indian in the white world
    The Gourd Dancer (1976), the mystery of Nature

Monsour, Leslie (1948- ), "Emily's Words" (1990): homage to Dickinson

Moore, Marianne (1887-1972): objective intellectual Modernist poet, baseball fan in tricorner hat
    Introduction to Moore
    62 quotations:
      character, travel, responding to new poets, Neoclassicism, Modernism, psychology, gender,
      human nature, love, highest standards, poetry, writing poetry, Postmodernism, Political
      Correctness, critics, transcendence, death.
    Neoclassicism
    Modernism
    "Poetry" (c.1921)
    "Critics and Connoisseurs" (1924): analysis
    "What Are Years?" (1941): analysis by 2 critics
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1951)
    Collected Poems (1952), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Miss Moore at Assembly" (1993): parody by John Updike
    24 critics discuss Moore

Morgan, Speer (1946- ), Belle Starr (1979), historical western recommended for authenticity and humor

Morley, Christopher (1890-1957), "Epitaph for Any New Yorker" (1920): humor

Morris, Wright (1910-1998), prolific commonplace Realist of Midwest, representative Americana
    Introduction to Morris
    The Field of Vision (1956), Realism with bullfight, multiple points of view: analysis by 2 critics
      National Book Award
    Love Among the Cannibals (1957), his best-selling novel
    Ceremony in Lone Tree (1960), sequel to The Field of Vision, perhaps his best
    Plains Song, for Female Voices (1980), feminist generational novel, American Book Award

Morrison, Toni (1931-2019): major Afro-centric black novelist (Nobel Prize 1993)
    Introduction to Morrison
    192 quotations:
      autobiographical, black family, black life, jazz, education, urbanity, black folk pastoralism,
      Postmodernism, Jews, Afrocentricity, humanism, racism, black power, Political Correctness,
      women, white women, black feminists, white feminists, love, writing, Modernism, her works,
      critics, other writers, Nobel Prize, advice, Existentialism, transcendence, religion, death.
    The style of Morrison: analysis by 12 critics
    archetype
    Modernism
    Ethnic Fiction
    The Bluest Eye (1970), destructive racial stereotypes: analysis by 25 critics
    Sula (1973), independent black woman becomes pariah: analysis by 25 critics
    Song of Solomon (1977), individuation of a young black man: analysis by 21 critics
      Review of Song of Solomon by Reynolds Price
    Tar Baby (1981), vital blacks versus decadent whites: analysis by 17 critics
      Review of Tar Baby by John Irving
    Beloved (1987), haunted by the ghost of slavery, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 24 critics
      Review of Beloved by Margaret Atwood
    Jazz (1992): analysis by 7 critics
      Review of Jazz by Edna O'Brien
    Paradise (1998): analysis
    30 critics discuss Morrison

Nabokov, Vladimir (1899-1977), aristocratic Russian exile is an aesthete much admired for style,
      an intellectual entertainer marginal to the tradition of American literature: Nabokov is a
      witty master of language whose belief that art should not contain ideas trivializes his art.
    Introduction to Nabokov
    "Nabokov: Master Class" (1980), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Postmodernism
    Lolita (1955), sensational novel of pedophilia satirizing consumerist America made him rich
    Pnin (1957), clever Russian emigre college professor like Nabokov plays with language
    Pale Fire (1962), complex academic parody features long mad poem by mad poet with mad editor

narrative: "The Four Methods of Narration and other techniques" (1950), Caroline Gordon & Allen Tate

Nash, Ogden (1902-1971), humorous verses (1933-1953): 41 quotations
    "Kindly Unhitch That Star, Buddy" (1933): humor
    "Portrait of the Artist as a Prematurely Old Man" (1934): analysis
    "The Purist" (c.1938): humor
    "I Never Even Suggested It" (1940): humor
    Golly, How Truth Will Out (1940): humor

National Association of Scholars "Trigger Warnings Contest" (2014): satire of Political Correctness

Naturalism

Nature in American Literature: 6 perspectives

Naylor, Gloria (1950-1916), The Women of Brewster Place (1982), National Book Award

Neihardt, John (1881-1973), ed., Black Elk Speaks (1932), the major work of American Indian lit: excerpts

Nemerov, Howard (1920-1991), major poet
    "Santa Claus" (1960), satire: analysis
    "Style" (1967)
    Collected Poems (1977), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1981)

Neoclassicism

New Criticism: objective literary analysis

Norris, Frank (1870-1902): major Naturalist--"the boy Zola"
    Introduction to Norris
    75 quotations:
      youth, education, the novel, Realism, Romance, Zola, Naturalism, commercial fiction, McTeague,
      ironic Naturalism, discovering Sister Carrie, The Octopus, machine in the garden, Stephen Crane,
      Scott, Cooper, Henry James, writing fiction, women writers, censorship, Americans, Manifest
      Destiny, The People, a literary canon, distribution of writers, New England literary dominance,
      brotherhood of man, transcendent vision, credo:
    Naturalism
    pastoralism
    "The Green Stone of Unrest" (1897): parody of Stephen Crane
    McTeague (1899), cartoonlike pure Naturalism set in California: analysis by 17 critics
      Greed (1924), film adaptation of McTeague by Erich von Stroheim: analysis by 3 critics
    The Octopus (1901), epic of California wheat ranchers vs railroads: analysis by 15 critics
    24 critics discuss Norris

novel, rise of

objective correlative

Oates, Joyce Carol (1938- ), anti-American Feminist
    Feminism in American literature
    Feminist Period (1970-present)
    Feminists censor Hemingway's last novel
    Naturalism
    them (1969), Feminist Naturalism, National Book Award
    Black Water (1992), Senator Ted Kennedy as Daisy Buchanan: analysis

O'Brien, Tim (1946- ), Vietnam War vet has naive leftist vision but impressive style & techniques
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Going after Cacciato (1979), escapist anti-Vietnam War novel, National Book Award: analysis by 2
    Landing Zone Bravo, from Cacciato, ironic metaphor of the whole Vietnam War: analysis
    The Things They Carried (1990), infantry in Vietnam War: analysis

O'Connor, Flannery (1925-1964): one of the 5 greatest American short story writers
    Introduction to O'Connor
    "Flannery O'Connor," commentary by Elizabeth Hardwick (1983)
    330 quotations:
      autobiographical, place, education, Hell, the soul, Faith, seeing, God, grace, Catholicism,
      the Church, hypocrites, determinism, psychology, humor, morality, Neoclassicism, Christian
      Realism, the grotesque, Modernism, writing, audience, criticism, Wise Blood, teaching,
      New Criticism, interpretation, Postmodernism, Political Correctness, shrunken Jesus,
      moral relativism, envious liberal materialism, Postmodern novels, manners.
    on fiction writing: quotations
    wit & humor: 52 quotations
    Realism
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    The style of O'Connor: analysis by 12 critics
    Feminists assault O'Connor: rebuttal
    "On Truman Capote and Flannery O'Connor" (1960): commentary by Caroline Gordon
    "The Prophets of O'Connor, Percy, and Powers" (1980): analysis
    Wise Blood (1952): analysis by chapter
      humor from Wise Blood: quotations
      commentary on Wise Blood by O'Connor
      36 critics discuss Wise Blood
      Wise Blood, excellent film adaptation by John Huston (1979): analysis
    "The Peacock Roosts" (1953), poem with self-portrait and commentary by O'Connor
    "A Late Encounter with the Enemy" (1953), Civil War vet a prop, hilarious: analysis by 9 critics
    "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" (1953), major classic of the short story: analysis by 30 critics
      "A Good Man Is Hard to Find": analysis by Caroline Gordon
    "The River" (1953), neglected child finds salvation in death: analysis by 9 critics
    "The Displaced Person" (1954), farm accident morally complex: analysis by 21 critics
    "The Artificial Nigger" (1955), rustic whites confront racism in big city: analysis by 20 critics
    "Good Country People" (1955), arrogant girl loses her leg to Bible salesman: analysis by 14 critics
    "Greenleaf" (1956), surprising revenge of a doomed bull: analysis 13 critics
    "The Enduring Chill" (1958), would-be writer makes excuse: analysis by 11 critics
    "The Comforts of Home" (1960): analysis by 11 critics
    The Violent Bear It Away (1960): analysis in detail
      commentary on The Violent Bear It Away by O'Connor
      33 critics discuss The Violent Bear It Away
      Atheist critics blind to The Violent Bear It Away: rebuttal
    "Everything That Rises Must Converge" (1961), brilliant on race relations: analysis by 16 critics
    "The Lame Shall Enter First" (1962): analysis by 17 critics
    "Revelation" (1964), text: great humor
      "Revelation," prejudiced farm woman shocked by her religious vision: analysis by 18 critics
    "Flannery O'Connor at Home" (1964): tribute by Katherine Anne Porter
    "Parker's Back" (1965), tattooed man is Christ-evoking: analysis by 20 critics
    "Judgment Day" (1965), old southerner goes home to die: analysis by 12 critics
    The Complete Stories of Flannery O'Connor (1971), National Book Award
    "To Flannery O'Connor" (1971), poem by Leon V. Driskel
    A Prayer Journal (2013): review by Marilynne Robinson
    50 critics discuss O'Connor

Odets, Clifford (1906-1963), leftwing playwright popular during Depression of 1930s
    Introduction to Odets
    Waiting for Lefty (1934), the definitive Marxist strike play: analysis by 4 critics

O'Hara, John (1905-1970), Naturalistic Realist on upper-middle class life in the Northeast
    Introduction to O'Hara
    Over the River and through the Wood (1934), model Realism: analysis
    Appointment in Samarra (1934), perhaps his best novel
    Ten North Frederick (1955), National Book Award

Olsen, Tillie (1912-2007), influential role model as working-class woman writer overcoming adversity:
      mother of four daughters, feminist union organizer in the 1930s, member of Communist Party
    Tell Me a Riddle (1961, 1995): four short stories, three from viewpoints of mothers
      "Tell Me a Riddle" (1961): first prize O. Henry Award for best short story of the year
      "I Stand Here Ironing" (1961): another famous story

O'Neill, Eugene (1888-1953): greatest American dramatist (Nobel Prize 1936)
    Introduction to O'Neill
    "Eugene O'Neill: A Sketch" (1962), Elizabeth Hardwick
    56 quotations:
      autobiographical, the quest, Romanticism, transcendent consciousness, beliefs, Naturalism,
      happiness, morality, the iceman, truth, intoxication, last years, the playwright today, rejection
      of Progressivism, Freud and Jung, pessimism, intentions, poetic drama, mystic, Man and God,
      mystery, ancient Greek fate, masks, critics, cutting length, censorship, Hollywood, curtain,
      death, epitaph.
    Naturalism
    Expressionism
    Modernism
    Beyond the Horizon (1920), romantic questing: analysis by 2 critics
    The Emperor Jones (1920), Expressionistic rendering of black culture: analysis by 4 critics
      The Emperor Jones, film adaptation (1933)
    Anna Christie (1921): analysis by 4 critics
      Anna Christie, film adaptation (1930)
    The Hairy Ape (1922), Naturalism: analysis by 3 critics
      The Hairy Ape, film adaptation (1944)
    Desire under the Elms (1924), popular tragedy: analysis by 8 critics
      Desire under the Elms, film adaptation (1958)
    The Great God Brown (1926), Expressionism with masks: analysis by 4 critics
    Lazarus Laughed (1927): analysis by 3 critics
    Strange Interlude (1928), long long long interlude: analysis by 5 critics
      Strange Interlude, film adaptation (1932)
    Mourning Becomes Electra (1931): analysis by 5 critics
      Mourning Becomes Electra, film adaptation (1947)
    Ah, Wilderness, film adaptation (1935)
    Long Day's Journey into Night (1940), autobio of family alcoholism: analysis by 5 critics
      Long Day's Journey into Night, film adaptation (1962)
    The Iceman Cometh (1946), lies can be kind: analysis by 3 critics
      The Iceman Cometh, film adaptation (1973)
    "Life Is a Bowl of Eugene O'Neills" (1931), Frank Sullivan: humor
    30 critics discuss O'Neill

Ozick, Cynthia (1928- ), non-Feminist, philosophical Jewish fiction writer
    Introduction to Ozick
    Ethnic Fiction
    The Pagan Rabbi and Other Stories (1971)

Paglia, Camille (1947- ), articulate social critic: 17 quotations

Paine, Thomas (1737-1809): voice of the American Revolution
    Introduction to Paine
    17 quotations
    Neoclassicism
    Deism

Parker, Dorothy (1893-1967): major American wit and screenwriter
    Introduction to Parker
    74 quotations:
      autobiographical, men, women, love, women writers, Feminism, drinking, writing,
      literary criticism, money, restraint, Hollywood, the Blacklist, wisdom, loneliness, suicide,
      death, three epitaphs.
    wit & humor: 68 quotations
    10 critics discuss Parker

Pastan, Linda (1932- ), poet, "Emily Dickinson" (1971)
    "Remembering Robert Frost at Kennedy's Inauguration" (2004)

pastoral

Paterson, Andrea, "Because I Could Not Dump" (1981): parody of Emily Dickinson

Paulson, A. B., Watchman Tell Us of the Night (1987), suburban comedy: 2 reviews
    Postmodernism: Academic Expressionism
    "University Life" (1997), humorous allegorical Expressionism: analysis
      humor from "University Life"

Percy, Walker (1916-1990), Existentialist Catholic novelist: explicitly philosophical satire & wit
    Introduction to Percy
    Existentialism
    "Walker Percy and the Archetypes," Ted R. Spivey
    "Walker Percy's Aesthetic: Art as Symbolic Action," Michael Pearson
    "Walker Percy and Modern Gnosticism," Cleanth Brooks
    "Walker Percy: Eschatology and the Politics of Grace," Cecil L. Eubanks
    "The Prophets of O'Connor, Percy, and Powers," Susan S. Kissel
    The Moviegoer (1961), modern alienation, National Book Award: analysis by 9 critics
    The Last Gentleman (1966), existential individuation, runner-up NB Award: analysis by 10 critics
    Love in the Ruins: The Adventures of a Bad Catholic at a Time Near the End of the World (1971),
      Dr. More claims to save souls with "lapsometer": analysis by 7 critics
    The Message in the Bottle (1975): essays on the novel, language, philosophy, and society
    Lancelot (1977), modern madman is a Gnostic murderer--very dark: analysis by 8 critics
    The Second Coming (1980), Will Barrett finds true love and God: analysis by 4 critics
    The Thanatos Syndrome (1987), Dr. More uncovers plot to drug the population: analysis by 3 critics
    12 critics discuss Percy

Perelman, S. J. (1904-1979), humorist and screenwriter: 26 quotations

Phillips, Wendell (1811-1884), eloquent civil rights leader: 42 quotations

Pinckney, Darryl (1953- ), Novelist, playwright, essayist, critic, editor
    High Cotton (1992), novel of "growing up black and bourgeois" in 1960s: review
    Sold and Gone: African-American Literature and U.S. Society (2001)
    Out There: Mavericks of Black Literature (2002)
    "Introduction," ed. The New York Stories of Elizabeth Hardwick (2010)
    Blackballed: The Black Vote and U.S. Democracy (2014)
    Black Deutschland (2016), novel about a young gay black man in Berlin in 1980s
    "Introduction," ed. The Collected Essays of Elizabeth Hardwick (2017)
    Busted in New York and Other Essays (2019)

Plath, Sylvia (1932-1963), angry Feminist poet martyred by suicide
    Introduction to Plath
    "Sylvia Plath" (c.1972), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Feminist Period (1970-present)
    The Bell Jar (1963): analysis
    The Collected Poems (1981), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Godiva" (c.2009), D. C. Berry: severe parody of Plath

Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849): hugely influential Gothic Romantic poet, story writer & critic
    Introduction to Poe
    98 quotations:
      God, metaphysics, immortality, rejects Platonism, empiricism, rejects absolute empiricism,
      Existentialism, Gothic determinism, religion, relativism, Democracy, progress, reformers, human
      nature, bi-part soul, race, perversity, drugs, psychology, terror, madness, truth, obscurity, beauty,
      Victorian fair lady, ideal woman, poetry, genius, art, popularity, criticism, transcendentalism,
      New England Transcendentalists, Emerson, Margaret Fuller, definition of the short story,
      single effect, sensations, death.
    Romanticism
    Gothicism
    Poe defines short story & conventions of detective story
    Poe in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The style of Poe: analysis by 29 critics
    "To Helen" (1831), fair ideal woman in classical form: analysis by 2 critics
    "Ligeia" (1835), dark ideal woman & sexual repression: analysis by 2 critics
    "Sarah Margaret Fuller" (1846): affirmative description
    The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), visionary science fiction: analysis by chapter
      racist Pym contrasted with egalitarian Moby-Dick
    "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1840): most complex tale: analysis by 2 critics
      "The Fall of the House of Usher": commentary by Allen Tate
    "William Wilson" (1840), allegory of inescapable conscience: analysis
    "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841), establishes detective conventions: commentary
    "Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841): satire of New England Transcendentalists
    "The Tone Transcendental" (c.1841): ridicule of The Dial edited by Emerson & Fuller
    "The Masque of the Red Death" (1842): analysis by Richard Wilbur
    "Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales" (1842): review by Poe: excerpt
    "The Black Cat" (1843), murderer confesses: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846): anti-Christian black humor: analysis
    "Ulalume" (1847): analysis by 5 critics
    Poe's revised view of Hawthorne (1847), Poe confused by allegory: analysis
    Eureka (1848), cosmology: analysis by Paul Valery and Allen Tate
    "A Poe-em of Passion" (c.1882), C. F. Lummis: parody of Poe
    "Ulabel Lume" (c.1955), Barbara Angell: parody of Poe
    45 critics discuss Poe

Political Correctness & backlash against: quotations

Porter, Katherine Anne (1890-1980): one of the 5 greatest American short story writers
    Introduction to Porter
    "Katherine Anne Porter" (1982), Elizabeth Hardwick
    409 quotations:
      vision, southern family, religion, reading, marriage, love, middle-class conformity, Hollywood,
      Mexico, Europe, the 1920s, writing, form, language, style, symbolism, "Flowering Judas,"
      human nature, morality, Realism, Postmodernism, Political Correctness, death.
    wit & humor: 40 quotations
    Modernism
    Porter in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    Feminists assault Porter: rebuttal
    The style of Porter: analysis by 28 critics
    "Maria Concepcion" (1922), passionate revenge of betrayed Mexican girl: analysis by 20 critics
    "Variation 1001: To the Foolish Virgins Who Aren't Gathering Roses" (1922), poem parody: analysis
    "This Transfusion" (1922-23), poem
    "The Martyr" (1923), funny satire of fat Mexican painter: analysis by 9 critics
    "Virgin Violeta" (1924): analysis by 9 critics
    "Magic" (1928): analysis by 9 critics
    "Rope" (1928), woman saves her marriage: analysis by 11 critics
    "Theft" (1929), model of economical complexity published by Yvor Winters: analysis by 13 critics
    "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" (1929), very popular deathbed irony: analysis by 17 critics
    "Morning Song" (1929), poem: analysis
    "Flowering Judas" (1930), idealistic American girl betrays herself in Mexico: analysis by 30 critics
      "Flowering Judas": fictional film adaptation (2005)
    "He" (1930), Christ-evoking retarded boy a burden to his family: analysis by 14 critics
    "Liberals" (1933), poem: analysis
    "The Grave" (1934), key religious symbolism: analysis by 23 critics
    "The Cracked Looking-Glass" (1934): analysis by 14 critics
    "Hacienda" (1932, 1934), encapsulates history of Mexico: analysis by 15 critics
    "That Tree" (1934), satire of Buddhism and lazy faiths: analysis by 11 critics
    "The Circus" (1935), little girl traumatized by life: analysis by 16 critics
    "The Downward Path to Wisdom" (1939): analysis by 9 critics
    "The Old Order" (1939): analysis by 15 critics
    Old Mortality (1937, 1939), short novel often anthologized: analysis by 26 critics
    Noon Wine (1939), world class short novel: analysis by 28 critics
      "Noon Wine: The Sources" (1956): commentary by Porter on creative process
    Pale Horse, Pale Rider (1939), great autobiographical short novel: analysis by 28 critics
    "A Day's Work" (1940), masterpiece of irony: analysis by 12 critics
    "The Leaning Tower" (1941): analysis by 21 critics
    "Morning Song of the Tinker's Bitch" (1946), poem
    "The Fig Tree" (1960): analysis by 10 critics
    "Holiday" (1960): analysis by 14 critics
    Ship of Fools (1962), famous long Modernist masterpiece: analysis in detail
      42 critics discuss Ship of Fools
      Postmodernist critics are fools on Ship of Fools: rebuttal of criticism
      Ship of Fools film adaptation by Stanley Kramer (1965): analysis
      wit and humor from Ship of Fools: erotic combat
    "Flannery O'Connor at Home" (1964)
    The Collected Short Stories of Katherine Anne Porter (1965), National Book Award
    50 critics discuss Porter

Postmodern fiction and mass society, by Irving Howe (1959): excerpts

Postmodernism

Pound, Ezra (1885-1972): controversial instigator of Modern poetry went insane
    Introduction to Pound
    96 quotations:
      urbanity, cosmopolitanism, independence, religion, education, teaching literature, teaching
      writing, literature, Modernism, Henry James, 20th-century poetry, Yeats, Eliot, economics,
      treason, decadence, Cantos, Postmodernism, Political Correctness, literary criticism, bad art,
      the artist, patronage, writing, good writing, Neoclassical aesthetics, economy, simplicity,
      avoid abstractions, concreteness, form, free verse, style, avant garde, Imagist poem,
      Imagism and Vorticism, the Vortex.
    Modernism
    Imagism
    "In a Station of the Metro" (c.1910), Imagist poem influenced by haiku: analysis by 4 critics
    "L'Art, 1910": Imagist poems
    "Rules" from Preface to Some Imagist Poets (1915)
    "A Pact," with Walt Whitman (1916)
    Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), his major poem other than cantos: analysis by 7 critics
    "Portrait de'une Femme" (1926): analysis
    "Canto XLV" (1937): analysis
    from "Canto LXXXI" (1940): analysis
    Cantos (1919-70): analysis by 9 critics
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1948), after controversy
    "Ezra Pound" (1969), Robert Lowell
    35 critics discuss Pound

Powers, J. F. (1917-1999), Catholic fiction dramatizing clerical life with satirical Realism and humor
    Introduction to Powers
    Realism
    "The Prophets of O'Connor, Percy, and Powers" (1980): analysis
    "Lions, Harts, Leaping Does" (1947), redemption and death of a philosophical priest
    Morte d'Urban (1962), National Book Award: priest overcomes materialism in spiritual triumph

Price, Reynolds (1933- ), fiction writer and poet--commonplace folksy Realist in North Carolina
    Introduction to Price
    A Long and Happy Life (1962), romantic Rosacoke Mustian loves insensitive Wesley Beavers
    A Generous Man (1966), fifteen-year-old Milo Mustian is an impatient virgin--funny & phallic

primary modes of early American novel

Proudfit, David Law (1842-1897), "Prehistoric Smith" (c.1897): humor

Proulx, Annie (1935- ), Postmodernist fiction writer with very artificial style
    Postmodernism
    The Shipping News (1993), Postmodernist style, National Book Award: very critical analysis

Puritan

Puritanism: historical and psychological

"Puritanism as a Literary Force" (1917), iconoclastic H. L. Mencken: analysis

Pynchon, Thomas (1937- ): intellectual sci-fi cartoon fantasies of a 1960s anarchist & atheist
    Introduction to Pynchon
    160 quotations:
      youth, legendary recluse, America, urbanity, old Victorian paradigm, Feminism, the rocket,
      women, merely sign language, sex, isolation, Naturalism, chance, indifference, religion, atheism,
      science, entropy, pessimism, technology and power, paranoia, 1960s counterculture, pacifism,
      anti-capitalism, Communism, Postmodernism, Postmodern poetry, Political Correctness,
      apocalyptic glee, dehumanization, amorality, limited vision, solipsism, binary thinking, reductive
      politics, longing for transcendence, loss of belief in literature, fantasy, parody rhetoric, writing,
      arrogance, words, foolish fictions, refuses honor, advice, death.
    Postmodernism: Pynchon epitomizes
    Countercultural Fiction
    "Entropy" (1960): the world is running out of energy: analysis by 14 critics
    V. (1963), nihilistic weird atmospheres during quest ending in a dump: analysis by 18 critics
    The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), cynical atheist cartoonlike reply to feminism and capitalism,
        the epitome of Postmodernism: analysis by chapter
      25 critics discuss The Crying of Lot 49
      humor from The Crying of Lot 49
    Gravity's Rainbow (1973), overrated atheist epic of a penis & a rocket in WW II, Natl Book Award:
        analysis by 35 critics
    "The Crying of Lot 49" (2008), John Crace: parody of Pynchon
    "Pinchy Ciphering" (2009), Michael Hollister: satire of Pynchon
    34 critics discuss Pynchon

Randall, Dudley (1914-2000), "Booker T. and W.E.B." (1969): black cultural debate

Ransom, John Crowe (1888-1974), distinguished Southern agrarian poet founded objective New Criticism
    Introduction to Ransom
    "Winter Remembered" (1924)
    "Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter" (1924)
    "Antique Harvesters" (1927): analysis
    "The Equilibrists" (1927): analysis
    I'll Take My Stand (1930), manifesto of Agrarian movement led by Ransom & others
    The New Criticism (1941), manifesto of movement led by Ransom, Tate, Gordon, Brooks & Warren
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1950)

Realism

Reed, Ishmael (1938- ), innovative black poet, satirist & fantasy writer promoted independent
      minority aesthetic, attacked New York literary establishment for prejudice, angering Feminists
    Introduction to Reed
    Expressionism
    Ethnic Fiction
    Postmodernism
    Reckless Eyeballing (1986), black male defiance of Feminist oppression: analysis

Reds (1981), significant film, screenplay by Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths:
    American disillusionment with Communism: analysis

Reider, Curtis H., "Stein and Hemingway and Joyce" (c.1930s): humor

Rice, Elmer (1892-1967), The Adding Machine (1923), Expressionist drama: analysis by 6 critics

Rich, Adrienne (1929-2012), popular especially with women: "Diving into the Wreck" (1973)
    'I Am in Danger -- Sir -' (1950-99): homage to Dickinson
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (2003)

Robbins, Tom (1932- ), Another Roadside Attraction (1971), atheist Tarzan in cartoon hippieville
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction

Roberts, Elizabeth Madox (1886-1941), pastoral Kentucky poet & allegorical fiction writer once popular
    Introduction to Roberts
    Romanticism
    Realism
    pastoralisms
    "The Sky" (c.1915-22), archetypal nature poem
    "Christmas Morning" (c.1915-22), clever religious poem
    The poetry of Roberts: commentary by 5 critics including Yvor Winters
    The poetic style of Roberts in fiction: analysis by 3 critics
    The Time of Man (1926), most say her best--odyssey of tenant farm family: analysis by 6 critics
    My Heart and My Flesh (1927), poor rural woman finds herself, nature and God: analysis by 5 critics
    Jingling in the Wind (1928), rainmakers' convention--fantasy & satire: analysis by 5 critics
    The Great Meadow (1930), most popular, epic of pioneers settling Kentucky in 1770s: analysis by 6
    A Buried Treasure (1931), earth more valuable than gold: analysis by 5 critics
    He Sent Forth a Raven (1935), biblical parallels, mainly to Noah: analysis by 5 critics
    Black Is My Truelove's Hair (1938), woman with two lovers: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Haunted Palace" (1941), farm woman frightened by her own reflection: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Betrothed" (1941), ambivalent girl prepares for marriage: analysis by 2 critics
    11 critics discuss Roberts

Robinson, Edwin Arlington (1869-1935): stoical Christian precursor of Modernism won 3 Pulitzer Prizes
    Introduction to Robinson
    "Credo" (1896), his philosophy of life: analysis
    "L'Envoi" (1897): analysis
    "Richard Cory" (1897): analysis by 2 critics
    "Miniver Cheevy" (1910), one of most popular: analysis of humor by 5 critics
    "Walt Whitman" (c.1910)
    "Eros Turannos" (1916), one of his best: analysis
    "The Dark Hills" (1920): analysis
    "Mr. Flood's Party" (1921), another of most popular: analysis of humor by 3 critics
    Collected Poems (1922), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "The Sheaves" (1925)
    21 critics discuss Robinson

Robinson, Marilynne (1943- ): Christian Realist in Transcendental mode—a major novelist
    65 quotations of Robinson:
      family, conception, independence, reeducation, science, religion, pastoralism, Faith,
      religious traditions, unorthodox Calvinism, philosophy, grace, love, transcendence,
      Realism, writing, Political Correctness, Postmodernism, immortality.
    Calvinism
    Realism
    Modernism
    Housekeeping (1980), brilliant haunting novel of liberation: analysis by chapter
      3 critics discuss Housekeeping
    Gilead (2004), Pulitzer Prize: 6 reviews
    Home (2008): 6 reviews
    Review of A Prayer Journal (2013), Flannery O'Connor, by Robinson
    Lila (2014): 10 reviews

Rogers, Will (1879-1935): beloved cowboy humorist
    87 quotations:
      ignorance, education, Prohibition, judgment, foresight, human nature, modern life, advertising,
      money, politics, government, Congress, Democracy, lawyers, taxes, golf, diplomacy, America,
      war, Communism, Hollywood, memoirs, past and future, advice.

Roethke, Theodore (1908-1963), influential poet
    "My Papa's Waltz" (1950): analysis
    "The Waking" (1953), transcendental
    The Waking (1954), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1958)

Romanticism

Ross, Alan (British) (1922-2001), "Radar" (1954): analysis

Roth, Philip (1933-2018): autobiographical Postmodernist novelist focused on Jewish culture and sex
    Introduction to Roth
    79 quotations:
      autobiographical, psychoanalysis, autobiographical fiction, teaching, human nature, Jews,
      memory, literature, writing, Postmodernism, Feminism, Political Correctness, America,
      old age, death.
    Postmodernism: Ethnic Fiction
    Goodbye, Columbus (1959), stories of Jewish middle class outraged them, National Bk Award
    Portnoy's Complaint (1969), stunted by his overbearing Jewish mother: analysis by 2 critics
    American Pastoral (1997), Pulitzer Prize: analysis
    "Paradise Lost: Philip Roth" (1997): analysis by Elizabeth Hardwick
    6 critics discuss Roth

Rowlandson, Mary (c.1635-1678), Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682):
    commentary on first Indian captivity narrative
    Indian captivity narratives

Rukeyser, Muriel (1913-1980), "This Place in the Ways" (1948)
    "Double Dialogue: Homage to Robert Frost" (1994)

Salinger, J. D. (1919-2010): social Realist fiction writer adept at adolescent voice
    Introduction to Salinger
    76 quotations:
      parents, God, spirituality, logic and intellect, education, Catcher in the Rye, being an artist, poets,
      androgyny, bohemian conformity, truth, passivity, disgust, lying, alienation, loneliness, money,
      girl cities, good looks, girls, sex, anxiety and cowardice, maturation, advice, death.
    "Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut" (1948), empty suburban lives: analysis
    "For Esme with Love and Squalor" (1950): analysis by 9 critics
    The Catcher in the Rye (1951), smash hit novel of adolescence: analysis by 21 critics
    23 critics discuss Salinger

Sandburg, Carl (1878-1967), cultivated his image as the people's poet in tradition of Whitman,
      biographer of Lincoln
    Imagism
    "The Fog" (c.1915), most famous of Imagist poems
    "Chicago" (1916), his other most well-known poem
    "To the Ghost of John Milton" (1928): more complex than Imagist poems: analysis
    Complete Poems (1951), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Schulberg, Budd (1914-2009), What Makes Sammy Run? (1941), Hollywood hustling: commentary
    The Disenchanted (1950), novel based on screenplay collaboration with F. Scott Fitzgerald
    On the Waterfront (1954), anti-Communist screenplay: Schulberg & Elia Kazan dupe the Hollywood
      Reds and win Oscars: analysis from Follywood (2005)

Schwartz, Delmore (1913-1966), complex Modernist poet admired by other poets
    "Sons of the City's Pavements" (1984), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1959)

Scott, Winfield Townley (1910-1968), "The U.S. Sailor with the Japanese Skull" (1945): analysis

Seeger, Alan (1888-1916), war hero, from "Ode in Memory of the American Volunteers for France" (1916)

Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730): only witch trial judge to apologize
    from Diary, his courtship of Madame Winthrop (1720): humor
    "Samuel Sewall" (1954), poem by Anthony Hecht

Sexton, Anne (1928-1974), very confessional poet focused on death committed suicide
    "Her Kind" (1960)
    Live or Die (1967), Pulitzer Prize

Shakespeare and Company bookshop in Paris (1919-1941): Sylvia Beach quoted

Shapiro, Karl (1913-2000), poet led the opposition to T. S. Eliot and his followers
    "The Fly" (c.1944)
    V-Letter and Other Poems (1946), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1969)

short story: definitions
short story: historical survey

Silko, Leslie Marmon (1948- ), Ceremony (1977), Indian still angry: analysis
    Ethnic Fiction

Simpson, Louis (1923-2012), intellectual poet
    "Squeal" (1957): parody of "Howl" (1955) by Allen Ginsberg
    "In California" (1963)
    At the End of the Road (1964), poems, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Sinclair, Upton (1878-1968): influential Socialist muckraker
    The Jungle (1906), filthy conditions in meat industry: commentary
    8 critics discuss Sinclair

Singer, Isaac (1904- ), prolific Jewish fiction writer, dramatist, autobiographer, children's book writer,
      escaped the Nazis, wrote in Yiddish, won many awards including Nobel Prize (1978)
    Introduction to Singer
    Ethnic Fiction
    Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories (1963), "Gimpel" translated by Saul Bellow
    A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1973), National Book Award
    A Little Boy in Search of God: Mysticism in a Personal Light (1976)
    The Collected Stories (1982)
    Stories for Children (1984)

Snodgrass, W. D. (1926-2009), contemporary poet
    Heart's Needle (1960), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Powwow" (1962), decadence of Native American culture: analysis

Snyder, Gary (1930- ), eco poet
    Turtle Island (1974), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1997)

Socialism opposed in American literature: 40 writers quoted

Sontag, Susan (1933-2004), influential cultural critic and fiction writer oriented to European trends
    Introduction to Sontag
    Gothicism
    Postmodernism
    Against Interpretation and Other Essays (1966): Postmodern resistance to meaning
    Death Kit (1967), novel, very dark Gothic Postmodernism--stuck in a tunnel to nowhere
    "The Way We Live Now" (1987), story, man dying of AIDS with no transcendence: review
    In America (2000), National Book Award

Sorrentino, Gilbert (1929-2006), Mulligan Stew (1979), scrapbook fiction: analysis
    Postmodernism: Academic Expressionism

Stafford, Jean (1915-1979): outstanding neglected fiction writer, Pulitzer Prize (1970) for Collected Stories
    Introduction to Stafford
    305 quotations:
      youth, education, language, writers, writing, changes in styles, consciousness, emotions,
      evocative description, clothes, humor, Impressionism, Expressionism, gender, sex, love, beauty,
      Boston, society, race, feminism, morality, religion, surgery, anesthesia, psychiatry, alcoholism,
      summation, death, salvation, glory.
    wit & humor: 106 quotations
    Realism
    Modernism
    The style of Stafford: analysis by 26 critics
    Feminists assault Stafford: rebuttal
    Boston Adventure (1944), poor girl rises in society and soul--brilliant style: analysis by 11 critics
    "The Darkening Moon" (1944), symbolic eclipse: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Home Front" (1945), wartime anti-Semitism against Jewish refugee: analysis by 4 critics
    "Between the Porch and the Altar" (1945), questioning Catholic girl at Mass: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Captain's Gift" (1946), naive old lady hurt by reality of war: analysis by 3 critics
    The Interior Castle (1946), brain discovers soul via great pain: analysis by 8 critics
    The Mountain Lion (1947), brother & sister clash on Colorado ranch: analysis by 17 critics
    "The Bleeding Heart" (1948), Mexican girl disillusioned by old suitor: analysis by 5 critics
    "A Summer Day" (1948), ironies of Cherokee orphan boy in Indian custody: analysis by 3 critics
    "Children Are Bored on Sunday" (1948), critique of NY intellectual snobs: analysis by 5 critics
    "Polite Conversation" (1949): analysis by 5 critics
    "The Maiden" (1950), Old Europe still barbaric: analysis by 3 critics
    "A Country Love Story" (1950), based on breakdown of marriage to Lowell: analysis by 7 critics
    "The Echo and the Nemesis" (1950), fat girl invents twin: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Healthiest Girl in Town" (1951), culture of American West vs East: analysis by 5 critics
    The Catherine Wheel (1952), allegorical novel of redemption set in Hawthorne parallels structure of
      The Scarlet Letter--embittered spinster martyrs herself: analysis in detail
        The Catherine Wheel: analysis in detail, with critique of critics
    "I Love Someone" (1952), spinster overcomes bitterness: analysis by 4 critics
    "Life Is No Abyss" (1952), God's grace to those who can love: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Violet Rock" (1952): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Liberation" (1953), young teacher escapes overbearing family: analysis by 4 critics
    "In the Zoo" (1953), first prize O' Henry Award, her favorite: analysis by 4 critics
    A Winter's Tale (1954), short novel of affair in Heidelberg with a Nazi: analysis by 5 critics
    "Bad Characters" (1954), very funny, like Twain: analysis by 5 critics
    "Beatrice Trueblood's Story" (1955), psychosomatic deafness: analysis by 5 critics
    "Maggie Meriwether's Rich Experience" (1955), decadent rich Europeans: analysis by 5 critics
    "Caveat Emptor" (1956), college teachers fall in love: analysis by 4 critics
    "A Reading Problem" (1956), Twainian satire of "hillbilly fakers": analysis by 4 critics
    "The Mountain Day" (1956), shocking upset of greenhorns: analysis by 4 critics
    "The End of a Career" (1956), superficial beauty: analysis by 5 critics
    "A Reasonable Facsimile" (1957), student apes mentoring professor: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Children's Game" (1958), gambling addiction: analysis by 3 critics
    "The Tea Time of Stouthearted Ladies" (1964), satire of complacent landladies: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Philosophy Lesson" (1968), based on her own nude modeling: analysis by 5 critics
    The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford (1969), Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 4 critics
    "An Influx of Poets" (1978), satire of poetry establishment: analysis by 5 critics
    30 critics discuss Stafford

    Stafford, William (1914-1999), "Travelling through the Dark" (1960): analysis by Stafford
    "At the Robert Frost Memorial" (1982)
    "Understanding Poetry, by William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens" (1987)

Steele, Wilbur Daniel (1886-1970), "The Man Who Saw through Heaven" (1927): analysis

Stegner, Wallace (1909-1993): the major Realist of 20th century--fiction writer, historian, conservationist
    Introduction to Stegner
    305 quotations:
      youth, humor, education, college, psychology, literature, Thoreau, America, American, Native
      Americans, Nature, wilderness, the West, myth, conservation, environmentalism, religion,
      teaching, writing, Big Rock Candy Mountain, All the Little Live Things, Angle of Repose,
      aesthetics, short story, Realism, Impressionism, metaphors, 1960s counterculture, history,
      Postmodernism, Postmodernist aesthetics, English Departments, literary theory, publishing,
      recent novels by others, sex, politics, race, women, wife Mary, character, wisdom, death,
      last words
    Realism
    Postmodernism: Realism
    24 books by Stegner: summaries
    major themes in Stegner's short stories: overview
    historical survey of the American short story (1957), Stegner
    Stegner and Hemingway compared: analysis
    The Big Rock Candy Mountain (1943), American dreaming in the frontier West: analysis by 10 critics
    "The Volcano" (1944): analysis by 2 critics
    "The Women on the Wall" (1949), waiting for mail during WWII: commentary by Stegner
      "The Women on the Wall": analysis by 2 critics
    "The Blue-Winged Teal" (1950): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Sweetness of the Twisted Apples" (1950), echo of Sherwood Anderson: analysis by 2 critics
    The Preacher and the Slave (1950), bio novel of radical labor leader Joe Hill: analysis by 3 critics
    "The Traveler" (1951): analysis
    Beyond the Hundredth Meridian (1954), explorer biography: review by Mari Sandoz
    "Field Guide to the Western Birds" (1956): analysis by 2 critics
    Genesis (1959), novella of durable cowboys: analysis by 5 critics
    Wolf Willow (1962), memoir set in Canada blending genres: analysis by 4 critics
    "My Antonia by Willa Cather" (1965): analysis by Stegner
    All the Little Live Things (1967), great novel counters 1960s counterculture: analysis by chapter
      humor from All the Little Live Things
    Angle of Repose (1971), major novel of the West, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 13 critics
    The Spectator Bird (1976), National Book Award: analysis
    Crossing to Safety (1987): review by Doris Grumbach
    Collected Stories of Wallace Stegner (1990): review by Anne Tyler
    "Qualified Homage to Thoreau" (1997), by Stegner
    New York Times admits trying to destroy Stegner for being conservative (2009)
    45 critics discuss Stegner

Stein, Gertrude (1874-1946): influential first Modernist originated tradition of experimental writing     Introduction to Stein
    "Gertrude Stein" (1987), Elizabeth Hardwick
    127 quotations:
      autobiographical, genius, talking, education, skepticism, reality, art, 19th century, literature,
      conventional language, writing, abstract Expressionism, repetition, lack of plot, punctuation,
      America, other countries, Communism, destruction of the family, Socialism, tax the rich,
      disillusionment, Feminism, votes for children, history, money, relationships, men, Nature,
      war, age, death.
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    Republicanism
    "Picasso" (1909), actually a self-portrait: analysis
    The style of Stein: analysis by 4 critics
    rejection slip to Stein, by A. J. Fifield: parody
    "Battology," by Ronald Knox: parody
    24 critics discuss Stein

Steinbeck, John (1902-1968): pastoral proletarian Realist (Nobel Prize 1962)
    Introduction to Steinbeck
    132 quotations:
      autobiographical, freedom, human nature, human glory, perfectability, God, religion, woman,
      sex, society, City and Garden, suffering, proletarianism, pastoralism, environmentalism, Eden
      in the West, America, Europe, government, Socialism Communism, Postmodernism, Political
      Correctness, censoring literature, writing, Realism and Romance, dreams, the writer, Faulkner,
      teaching, critics, dog eats draft, Nobel Prize, death.
    Realism
    folk pastoralism
    Tortilla Flat (1935), pastoral paisanos of Monterey: analysis by 4 critics
    In Dubious Battle (1936), labor movement & Communism: analysis by 7 critics
    Of Mice and Men (1937), tragedy of farm workers: analysis by 8 critics
    The Red Pony (1938), pastoral young adult novella: analysis
    "The Chrysanthemums" (1938), woman in the Garden: analysis
    "The Snake" (1938), dissociated scientist confronts his repressed sexuality: analysis
    "Flight" (1938), Mexican boy's poignant transcendence of deterministic fate: analysis
    The Grapes of Wrath (1939), major epic of the 1930s Dust Bowl, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 30 critics
      The Grapes of Wrath, fine film adaptation by Nunnally Johnson and John Ford (1940): review
    Cannery Row (1944), colorful folk pastoral characters in Monterey: analysis by 4 critics
    East of Eden (1953), family conflict in rural California: analysis by 7 critics
    26 critics discuss Steinbeck

Steinem, Gloria (1934- ), "What It Would Be Like If Women Win" (1970): unintentional humor
    Feminist Period in American Literature (1970-present)

Stevens, Wallace (1879-1955): major Modernist poet in world literature
    Introduction to Stevens
    74 quotations:
      autobiographical, metaphysics, the mind, multiple points of view, reality, "unreal city," human
      nature, intolerance, sex and egotism, sentimentality, love, poetry, reading poetry, the poem, style,
      the poet, Existentialism, imagination, consciousness, metaphor, aesthetics, hedonism, American
      literature, old age, final beliefs, death.
    Romanticism
    Modernism
    "Sunday Morning" (1915), one of best American poems of 20th century: analysis by stanza
      10 critics discuss "Sunday Morning"
    "Anecdote of the Jar" (1916), human mind creates order: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Comedian as the Letter C" (1923): analysis by 4 critics
    "Le Monocle de Mon Oncle" (1923): analysis by 2 critics
    "A High-Toned Old Christian Woman" (1923): analysis
    "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" (1923), model of Modernism: analysis by 4 critics
    "Peter Quince at the Clavier" (1923): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Emperor of Ice Cream" (1923): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Idea of Order at Key West" (1935): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Glass of Water " (1942): analysis
    "Notes toward a Supreme Fiction" (1942): analysis by 4 critics
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1949)
    Collected Poems (1955), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Understanding Poetry, by William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens (1987): tribute by
      William Stafford
    42 critics discuss Stevens

Stevenson, Adlai (1900-1965): witty articulate Democratic candidate for President:
    79 quotations:
      autobiographical, Nature, earth, America, entitlement, materialism, optimism, freedom, education,
      newspapers, melting pot, race, religion, intellectual diversity, Communism, Democracy, common
      people, politics, government, foreign policy, character, wisdom, aging, advice.

Stone, Robert (1937-2015), cynical liberal out of 1960s, often Expressionistic novelist with intense style
    Introduction to Stone
    Naturalism
    Expressionism
    Postmodernism: realism
    A Hall of Mirrors (1967), very Expressionistic style--violence, racism and jingoism in New Orleans
    Dog Soldiers (1974), National Book Award, drug trade after Vietnam War--was filmed: analysis
    A Flag for Sunrise (1981), Central American corruption, loss of faith and decency
    Children of Light (1985), decadent Hollywood, hence difficult to care about the characters: review
      from Children of Light, fictional filming of The Awakening by Chopin: quotations
    4 critics discuss Stone

Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1811-1896): "who started this great war"—Lincoln
    Introduction to Stowe
    23 quotations:
    Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852): commentary by 4 critics
    "Harriet Beecher Stowe" (1899), tribute by Paul Dunbar
    4 critics discuss Stowe

stream of consciousness

Strong, George A., "What Hiawatha Probably Did" (1856): parody of Longfellow

Styron, William (1925-2006): southern historical Realist with elaborate style
    Introduction to Styron
    30 quotations:
      writing, Realist resists Modernism, generations, literature, Postmodernism, Political Correctness,
      critics, depression, death.
    Realism
    Lie Down in Darkness (1951), decadent southern family in Faulknerian style: analysis by 3 critics
    Set This House on Fire (1960), guilt and redemption in Italy: analysis
    The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967), based on historical 1831 slave rebellion, very controversial
      among black critics, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 6 critics
    Sophie's Choice (1979), National Book Award, powerful agonizing tragedy in Nazi Germany:
      commentary by Elizabeth Hardwick (1983)
      analysis by 3 critics

Sullivan, Frank (1908-1976), "Life Is a Bowl of Eugene O'Neills" (1931): humor

symbol

Taggard, Genevieve (1894-1948), "With Child" (1922)

Tan, Amy (1952- ), Chinese-American author of huge best-seller adapted in popular film
    The Joy Luck Club (1987), Chinese-American family assimilates: translated into 35 languages

Tate, Allen (1899-1977): major poet, novelist, biographer, southern historian, essayist, and New Critic
    Introduction to Tate
    Agrarian Pastoralism
    Neoclassicism
    Modernism
    New Criticism
    The styles of Tate: analysis by 33 critics
    "Allen Tate's Poetry" (1939), Cleanth Brooks
    "The Current in the Frozen Stream" (1948), Howard Nemerov
    "The Poetry of Allen Tate" (1951), Vivienne Koch
    "The Courage of Irony: The Poetry of Allen Tate" (1965), Katherine Garrison Chapin
    "An Introduction to the Poetry of Allen Tate" (1970), Alfredo Rizzardi
    "Allen Tate's Inferno" (1971), Sister Mary Bernetta, O.S.F.
    "On Allen Tate" (1971), Denis Donoghue
    Tate introduces 6 poets: Dickinson, Robinson, Moore, Cummings, Aiken, Hart Crane
    "Death of Little Boys" (1925): analysis by 5 critics
    "The Subway" (1928), modern age induces psychological disorder: analysis by 2 critics
    "Mr. Pope" (1928), age of Alexander Pope compared to modern age of Tate: analysis by 4 critics
    "Ode to the Confederate Dead" (1928), a classic: commentary by Tate with analysis by 7 critics
    Stonewall Jackson, The Good Soldier: A Narrative biography (1928)
    Jefferson Davis, His Rise and Fall: A Biographical Narrative (1929)
    "Mother and Son" (1930), autobiographical anguish: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Southern Religion," I'll Take My Stand (1930), landmark collection by Southern Agrarians
    "Last Days of Alice" (1931): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Cross" (1932), struggle with Christian belief: analysis by 5 critics
    "The Meaning of Life" (1933): analysis by 2 critics
    "Sonnets at Christmas 1934" (1936): analysis by 4 critics
    "The Mediterranean" (1936): analysis by 5 critics
    "Aeneas at Washington" (1936), conflates ancient and modern worlds: analysis by 4 critics
    "Tension in Poetry" (1938): influential critical essay
    "Narcissus as Narcissus" (1938): includes Tate's commentary on "Ode to the Confederate Dead"
    The Fathers (1938), outstanding novel of the Old South and the Civil War: analysis by 16 critics
    "Seasons of the Soul" (1944), complex key poem: analysis by 7 critics
    The House of Fiction (1950), very influential anthology with Caroline Gordon: analysis by 10 critics
      3 of Tate's commentaries, examples of New Criticism:
        "The Fall of the House of Usher," Edgar Allan Poe: commentary
        "The Beast in the Jungle," Henry James: commentary
        "The Dead," James Joyce: commentary
    "Notes on Fictional Technique": The Four Methods of Narration (1950, 1960): Gordon & Tate
    "The Swimmers" (1951), lynching: analysis by 5 critics
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1956)
    cartoon of Tate and Gordon
    "Homage to Allen Tate," Sewanee Review (1959): tributes from R. P. Blackmur, Malcolm Cowley,
      Donald Davidson, T. S. Eliot, Francis Fergusson, Anthony Hecht, Robert Lowell, Andrew Lytle,
      Jacques and Raissa Maritain, Arthur Mizener, Howard Nemerov, Katherine Anne Porter, John
      Crowe Ransom, Herbert Read, Mark Van Doren, Eliseo Vivas, and others.
    50 critics discuss Tate

Taylor, Edward (c.1645-1729): the American Metaphysical poet
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    Taylor and Jonathan Edwards
    "Preface," God's Determinations Touching His Elect (c.1682): analysis
    "Housewifery," God cast as housewife: analysis
    5 critics discuss Taylor

Taylor, Peter (1917-1994): southern fiction writer & dramatist focused on the modern family
    Introduction to Taylor
    A Woman of Means (1950), short novel of manners & family: analysis by 4 critics
    "The Old Forest" (1978 ), liberated environmentalist women prevail over men: analysis by 2 critics
    14 critics discuss Taylor

Teasdale, Sara ( ), Love Songs (1918), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Thompson, William Henry (1848-c.1918), "The High Tide at Gettysburg" (1888)

Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862): world icon of civil disobedience and love of Nature
    Introduction to Thoreau
    192 quotations:
      youth, education, reading, intellect, inductive objectivity, archetypal intuition, truth, philosophy,
      the past, independence, solitude, westward movement, Nature, wilderness, fear, pastoralism,
      machine in the Garden, man in society, scorn for Socialism, money, government, anarchism,
      Democracy, America, progress, social reform, minority power, conscience, moral action,
      civil disobedience, jail, violent rebellion, wisdom, simplicity, motive for retreat to Walden Pond,
      pond reflects soul, individuation, Puritanism and redemption, drugs, transcendent consciousness,
      idealism, religion, God, optimism, death, immortality.
    Romanticism
    New England Transcendentalism
    Nature in American literature
    Thoreau in the history of philosophy, by Herbert W. Schneider
    politics of Thoreau, by Heinz Eulau
    style of Thoreau: analysis by 3 critics
    "My Life Is Like a Stroll upon the Beach" (1849), poem by Thoreau
    "Civil Disobedience" (1849), hugely influential political manifesto: analysis
    Walden (1854), world classic: analysis by chapter
      40 critics discuss Walden
    Thoreau visits Walt Whitman (1856)
    "Walking" (1862): excerpts
    "On Visiting the Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreau" (1886), poem by Jones Very
    "To Thoreau on Rereading Walden" (1955), poem by Isabella Gardner
    "Qualified Homage to Thoreau" (1998), essay by Wallace Stegner
    50 critics discuss Thoreau

Thurber, James (1894-1961): popular American humorist and writer of fables
    110 quotations:
      autobiographical, Lost Generation, consciousness, revised maxims, women, love, marriage,
      human nature, philosophy, America, liberal economics, writing, language, how to write,
      literature, drawings, humor and wit, laughter, dogs, old age, time, alcohol, death, last words,
      immortality.
    "The Owl Who Was God" (1940): humorous fable

Timrod, Henry (1828-1867), "Ode," to the Confederate Dead (1867)

Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805-1859): predicted the future of America
    37 quotations from Democracy in America (1935,40), classic often quoted:
      Indians, wilderness, worldliness, the People, politicians, Socialism, equality, private citizens,
      self-interest, government of laws, political parties, religious faith, conformity, mass society,
      war, history, literacy, Postmodern literature to come, Feminists, Victorian gender roles,
      American women superior

Tominova, Zdena (1941-2020), Stalin's Shoe (1987): review

Toole, John Kennedy (1937-1969): martyr to incompetent editors
    Preface to Dunces, by Walker Percy
    A Confederacy of Dunces (1969), comic novel, Pulitzer Prize: commentary by 3 critics
      humor from Dunces
    3 critics discuss Toole

Toomer, Jean (1894-1967), mixed-race writer in Harlem Renaissance identified his race as "American"
    Introduction to Toomer
    Ethnic Fiction
    Cane (1923), set in rural Georgia, poetry & prose seminal for black writers: analysis by 5 critics

transcendental

Transcendentalism, New England: 11 critics discuss

      Edwards to Emerson, by Perry Miller: quotations
      Emerson, Nature (1836), Transcendentalist bible: 24 critics discuss
      The Dial (1840-44), The Editors to the Reader (Emerson & Fuller): excerpts
      Fuller, "A Transcendental Conversation" (1841)
      "The Tone Transcendental" (c.1841): Poe belittles The Dial
      "Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841): Poe satirizes Emerson
      Emerson, "The Transcendentalist" (1842): definition
      Emerson lecture on "The Poet" (1844): review by Walt Whitman
      "Sarah Margaret Fuller" (1846): commentary by Poe on Woman in the Nineteenth Century
      "The Old Manse" (1846): Hawthorne critiques Transcendental counterculture
      "Moral Mutiny in New England" (1865), Lowell recalls
      Nature in American literature

Troll Hunter (2010), Norwegian film by Andre Ovredal, political & religious allegory: analysis

Tuckerman, Frederick Goddard (1821-1873), "Sonnet XVI" (1860): analysis

Twain, Mark (1835-1910): most popular American writer--greatest humorist and wit
    Introduction to Twain
    750 quotations:
      youth, creation, monkeys, man, Adam and Eve, indecency, nudity, sex, women, ladies, courtship,
      gentleman, love, live your dream, marriage, wives, adultery, New Woman, women's rights,
      conversion, two-headed girl, aristocracy, wealthy Americans and titles, ignorance, children,
      obedience, education, schools, history, psychology, heart, head, human nature, other animals,
      civilization, progress, getting ahead, work, virtue, morals, truth, memory, lies, honesty, principles,
      prosperity, money, talking, vices, vanity, malice, anger, swearing, reform, health, exercise,
      irreverence, Christianity, missionaries, preachers, prophecy, Providence, Faith, religion, God,
      Satan, Hell, Indians, loss of the sacred, science, weather, America, Thanksgiving, lawyers, rights,
      race, equality, government, Democracy, Socialism, war, patriotism, politicians, Congress,
      reputation, advertising, newspapers, free speech, Huckleberry Finn, censorship, popular Romantic
      literature, Realism, telling stories, audience, the native novelist, genius, facts in fiction, dramatize,
      words, wit and humor, maxims, editing, publishers, critics, compliments, honors, fame, courage,
      friends, fools, lunatics, asses and optimists, literature, prose and poetry, Sir Walter Scott, Cooper,
      poetry, Howells, Henry James, Kipling, Bret Harte, Ambrose Bierce, Jane Austen, Poe, Milton,
      reading, Shakespeare and Bunyan, travel, Nevada, San Francisco, Hawaii, St. Louis, Cincinnati,
      Chicago, New York, Boston, southerners, English language, Englishman, Irishman, France, Italy,
      German, German culture, Russians, Communism, Cuba, ancient Greece, India, old age, the future,
      death, last words, immortality, Heaven.
    Calvinism
    Victorianism
    Realism
    The style of Twain: analysis by 7 critics
    Roughing It (1872): analysis by 8 critics
    Huckleberry Finn (1884), most beloved and most censored American book: analysis by chapter
      censorship of Huckleberry Finn (1884-forever)
      Twain responds to censorship of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn: humor
      rebuttals to 12 aesthetic and racial criticisms of Huckleberry Finn
      rebuttals to Feminist criticisms of Huckleberry Finn
      defense of the ending of Huckleberry Finn: analysis
      themes, motifs & patterns in Huckleberry Finn: analysis
      objective correlative in Huckleberry Finn: Jim and his daughter
      real life models for characters in Huckleberry Finn
      pastoral structure of Huckleberry Finn: analysis
      humor from Huckleberry Finn
      style in Huckleberry Finn
      Huckleberry Finn film adaptation by James Lee (1960): review
      "Ode to Stephen Dowling Bots, Dec'd," from Huck: parody & commentary
    humor from "English as She Is Taught" (1887): students answer questions
    A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889): analysis by 10 critics
    Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), Nurture over Nature, opposite of Huck: analysis by 20 critics
    "The Late Benjamin Franklin" (c.1889): humor
    "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses" (1895): humor
    Twain's literary offenses against Cooper: analysis
    "The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg" (1899): analysis
    "The Mysterious Stranger" (1916), late nihilism: excerpt
    T. S. Eliot psychoanalyzes Twain
    50 critics discuss Twain

Tyler, Anne (1941- ), popular fiction writer in Realist tradition of Howells, over 40 stories and 11 novels
    Introduction to Tyler
    Realism
    Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982), breakout novel into popularity
    The Accidental Tourist (1986), most popular novel got mixed reviews, was filmed
    Breathing Lessons (1988), Pulitzer Prize

Tyler, Royall (1757-1826): wrote first notable American drama
    The Contrast (1787), contrast between American and British cultures: commentary
    The Algerine Captive (1797), anti-slavery novel: commentary

Updike, John (1932-2009): prolific stylist chronicled adulterous middle-class life with many metaphors
    Introduction to Updike
    98 quotations:
      autobiographical, religion, God, existence, nature, Realism, love, women, marriage, sex, adultery,
      society, children, Feminism, Postmodernism, pacifists as stateless eunuchs, Political Correctness,
      government, free speech, leadership, America, writing, Expressionism, criticism, old age, death.
    Postmodernist Realism: sexcapades in suburbia
    "Citizen Updike" (1989), Elizabeth Hardwick
    "On the Sidewalk" (1959): Updike parody of On the Road (1957) by Jack Kerouac
    "Pigeon Feathers" (1962), existence of God evinced by design: analysis
    The Centaur (1963), National Book Award, weak imitation of Joyce
    "Leaves" (1964): commentary by Updike
    The Witches of Eastwick (1984), entertaining devilish satire of Feminism: analysis by chapter
    "Afterlife" (1987): review
    "Miss Moore at Assembly" (1993): parody of Marianne Moore
    8 critics discuss Updike

Very, Jones (1813-1880), deeply religious Christian poet
    Calvinism
    New England Transcendentalism
    "The Created" (1839), devotional poem: analysis
    "On Visiting the Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreau" (1886)

Victorianism

Vollman, William T. (1959- ), Europe Central (2005), American Book Award

Vonnegut, Jr., Kurt (1922-2007): cynical hip Postmodernist fantasy writer very popular
    Introduction to Vonnegut
    87 quotations:
      profundities, literary education, Political Correctness, utopian primitivism, vegetarianism,
      people suck, pacifism, America is evil, Marxism, atheism, Postmodernism, women, writing,
      popularity, prophecies, confessions
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    Slaughterhouse Five (1969): review by Michael Crichton

Walker, Alice (1944- ), black "womanist" poet & fiction writer focused on oppression
    Introduction to Walker
    Ethnic Fiction
    "To Hell with Dying" (1967), great story of black transcendence: analysis
    "Everyday Use" (1973), perhaps her most popular story
    In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973)
    The Color Purple (1982), National Book Award: race, lesbianism, and self-pity
    In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983), essays

Wallace, David Foster (1962-2008): Postmodernist suicide was called the voice of his generation,
      MacArthur Fellowship, Aga Khan Prize
    172 quotations of Wallace:
      autobiographical, maturation, loneliness, crisis, appearance, addiction, Americans, 1960s
      counterculture, hedonism, adolescence, popular culture, masks of his generation, fear of being
      human, children of the me generation, Postmodern education, intellectual pride, teaching
      literature, critical theory, Postmodern sophists, purpose of education, thinking, Postmodern
      fiction, solipsism, ironic detachment, hostility to the reader, sucking up, commercial cool,
      hip ennui, Postmodernists of 1950s-60s, literary orphans, bad Postmodern writing, metafiction,
      minimalism, end of Postmodernism, bureaucracy, anarchism, politics, conservatism, liberals,
      Political Correctness, Feminism, trying to love, orgasm, God, Infinite Jest, summing up, art,
      good writing, magical art, redemptive Realism, the new fiction, advice, death.
    Postmodernism: Academic Expressionism
    Infinite Jest (1996): analysis by 2 critics
    Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (1999), essays and stories

Warren, Robert Penn (1905-1989): Southern poet, fiction writer, New Critic, only writer to win Pulitzers in
      both fiction and poetry
    Introduction to Warren
    14 quotations
    All the King's Men (1946), death of politician Huey Long, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 14 critics
    Promises: Poems, 1954-1956 (1957), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1967)
    Now and Then: Poems, 1976-1978 (1978), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    15 critics discuss Warren

Welch, James (1940-2003), Blackfoot Indian novelist, Winter in the Blood (1974): review
    The Death of Jim Loney (1979): review
    Fools Crow (1986), historical novel about last stand of the Blackfeet: review
    The Indian Lawyer (1990): review
    Ethnic Fiction

Welty, Eudora (1909-2001): major Modernist short story writer & novelist
    Introduction to Welty
    56 quotations:
      autobiographical, morality, egalitarian Realism, Modernism, Katherine Anne Porter, Hemingway,
      Faulkner, the grotesque, symbolism, plot, the short story, writing, the personal, style, politics,
      Postmodernism, death.
    Realism
    Modernism
    Welty in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    "A Memory" (1941), portrait of the artist as a young girl: analysis by 5 critics
    "Powerhouse" (1941), great story with ironic black perspective: analysis by 2 critics
    "The Petrified Man" (1941), critique of gender war: analysis by 5 critics
    "A Piece of News" (1941): analysis by 2 critics
    "Why I Live at the P.O." (1941), most popular for dialogue: analysis by 5 critics
    "A Worn Path" (1941), one of the greatest stories ever written: analysis by 5 critics
    "A Curtain of Green" (1941), deeply transcendental and powerful: analysis by 2 critics
    The Robber Bridegroom (1942): analysis
    Delta Wedding (1945): analysis by 4 critics
    "The Wanderers" (1949): analysis
    Modernist structure of Welty's collection The Golden Apples (1949), by Daniele Pitavy-Souques
    The Ponder Heart (1954): analysis by 4 critics
    "The Demonstrators" (1968), Civil Rights, O. Henry Award first prize: analysis
    Losing Battles (1970): analysis by 4 critics
    The Optimist's Daughter (1972): analysis by 5 critics
    The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty (1982), National Book Award
    35 critics discuss Welty

West, Nathanael (1904-1940): cynical apocalyptic vision of the grotesque
    Introduction to West
    "Funny as a Crutch: Nathanael West" (2003), analyses by Elizabeth Hardwick
    Precursor of Postmodernism
    American literary novels about Hollywood
    The Dream Life of Balso Snell (1931): analysis by Randall Reid
    Miss Lonelyhearts (1933), columnist for lovelorn is cynical yet Christ-evoking: analysis by 5 critics
    A Cool Million (1934): analysis
    The Day of the Locust (1939), best 20th-c. Hollywood novel--pre-Postmodernist: analysis by chapter
      7 critics discuss The Day of the Locust
      The Day of the Locust film adaptation by Communist Waldo Salt (1974): review
    25 critics discuss West

Wharton, Edith (1862-1937): major Realist and master of irony
    Introduction to Wharton
    "Mrs. Wharton in New York" (1988), Elizabeth Hardwick
    60 quotations:
      autobiographical, life, men and women, woman, love, compatibility, society, America, Europe,
      writing, Realism, originality, politics, critics, classics, old age.
    Neoclassicism
    Realism
    Naturalism
    Impressionism
    Wharton in historical survey of the short story by Stegner
    The House of Mirth (1905), classic, Lily Bart tries to rise in New York society: analysis by chapter
      The House of Mirth film adaptation by Terence Davies (2000): analysis
    Ethan Frome (1911), Naturalism in rural New England, intro by Wharton quoted: analysis by 8 critics
    The Age of Innocence (1920), upper class manners in old NY, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 6 critics
    "Roman Fever" (1934), classic short story with great irony: analysis
    Wharton describes Henry James asking directions: humor
    Wharton on parodies of James
    35 critics discuss Wharton

Wheatley, Phillis (1753-1784): first distinguished black American poet
    Neoclassicism
    "On being brought from Africa to America" (1773)

White, E. B. (1899-1985): popular children's book writer, co-author of The Elements of Style
    56 quotations:
      childhood, literary education, life, career, people, humor, free speech, writing, writers, literature,
      genius, critics, prejudice, politics, the world, the future, old age, advice.

Whitehead, Colson (1969- ), black novelist from Harvard with super-prestigious MacArthur Fellowship
    Introduction to Whitehead
    Expressionism
    Ethnic Fiction
    The Underground Railroad (2016), National Book Award & Pulitzer Prize: review
    The Nickel Boys (2020), Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Whitman, Walt (1819-1892): the bard of American democracy
    Introduction to Whitman
    180 quotations:
      "Myself" as humanity, ego, self-reliance, freedom, individualism, equality, nature, body and soul,
      sex, animals, pastoralism, grass, Puritanism, individuation, transcendent consciousness, miracles,
      time, America, Democracy, government, politics, westward movement, Manifest Destiny, the
      open road, progress, Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, truth, parenthood, justice, morality, simplicity,
      literature, Leaves of Grass, censorship, organized religion, Postmodernism, God, optimism,
      immortality, death, epitaph:
    Romanticism
    Transcendentalism
    Nature in American literature
    sexuality of Whitman: 7 critics discuss
    Whitman reviews lecture by Emerson on "The Poet" (1844)
    Whitman discusses Leaves of Grass (1855)
    "Song of Myself" (1855): analysis by 12 critics
      humor from "Song of Myself": quotations
    Emerson letter to Whitman (1855)
    Thoreau visits Whitman (1856)
    "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" (1856): analysis by 4 critics
    "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" (1859): analysis by 5 critics
    Whitman walks with Emerson (1860)
    "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" (1865): analysis by 8 critics
    "Passage to India" (1871): analysis by 6 critics
    Whitman evaluates Poe (1880)
    the structure of Leaves of Grass (1881): analysis
    "Walt Whitman" (c.1910), Edwin Arlington Robinson
    "A Pact," with Walt Whitman (1916), Ezra Pound
    "After Walt Whitman" (c.1874-1936), parody by G. K. Chesterton
    38 critics discuss Whitman

Wideman, John Edgar (1941- ), prolific black fiction writer, MacArthur Fellow (1993), many awards,
      first to win two PEN/Faulkner awards: metafiction, complex experimental style, black subjects
    Introduction to Wideman
    Ethnic Fiction
    Postmodernism
    Sent for You Yesterday (1981), PEN/Faulkner Award
    The Homewood Trilogy (1985), based on autobiography
    Philadelphia Fire (1990), tragic racial bombing in 1985, PEN/Faulkner Award

Wilbur, Richard (1921-2017), "Epistemology" (1950)
    "Mind" (1956)
    "Marginalia" (1956)
    "Altitudes" (1956): homage to Emily Dickinson
    Things of This World (1957), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Seed Leaves" (1964): homage to Robert Frost
    Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1971)
    New and Collected Poems (1989), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Richard Wilbur's Faberge Egg Factory" (1986): parody by Clive James

Wilder, Thornton (1897-1975): underestimated dramatist and novelist wrote Our Town
    Introduction to Wilder
    73 quotations:
      autobiographical, Modernist literary influences, politics, freedom, Americans, literature,
      the theater, artsy Americans, criticism, writing, style, his works, Nature, pastoralism,
      human nature, money, animals, consciousness, love, marriage, suffering, aim high, death,
      Faith, immortality.
    Neoclassicism
    Existentialism
    Realism
    Expressionism
    Modernism
    The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927), religious predestination, Pulitzer Prize: analysis by 6 critics
    Heaven's My Destination (1935), comic satirical novel: analysis by 3 critics
    Our Town (1938), the most American play: analysis by 8 critics
    The Skin of Our Teeth (1942), Expressionist historical allegory: analysis by 5 critics
    The Ides of March (1948), novel of ancient Rome: analysis by 2 critics
    The Alcestiad, or Life in the Sun (1955), play: analysis
    The Eighth Day (1963), National Book Award
    20 critics discuss Wilder

Williams, Tennessee (1911-1983): best American dramatist after O'Neill and Wilder
    Introduction to Williams
    103 quotations:
      autobiographical, the 1930s, politics, religion, human nature, confession, life, Existentialism,
      morality, gallantry and grace, women, sex, love, cages, the theater, art, writing, symbolism,
      Expressionism, Modernism, characters, basic theme, success, other writers, Postmodernism,
      old age, death.
    Modernism
    Expressionism
    Postmodernism
    The Glass Menagerie (1945), fragile girl breaks: analysis by 8 critics
    A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), New Orleans working class tragedy: analysis by 7 critics
    The Rose Tattoo (1950): analysis by 2 critics
    Camino Real (1953), best play was commercial failure, Modernist expressionism: analysis
    Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), patriarchal southern family Realism: analysis by 4 critics
    Night of the Iguana (1961), Postmodern decadence in Mexico: commentary
    Faulkner evaluates Williams (1957)
    21 critics discuss Williams

Williams, William Carlos (1883-1963), influential free verse "objectivist" poet: "No ideas but in things."
    Introduction to Williams
    46 quotations:
      poetic ideal, free verse, language, Ezra Pound, reading, Imagism, objectivism, imagination,
      writing, measure, poems, the classic, poets, women, love, capitalism, skepticism, time,
      "Prufrock," "The Waste Land," Library of Congress, a man is a city, Paterson.
    Imagism
    Modernism
    "Red Wheelbarrow" (c.1913): analysis by 3 critics
    "Poem, or, Spring and All" (1923): analysis by 4 critics
    "The Yachts" (1938): analysis by 2 critics
    Paterson I-V (1946-58): analysis by 4 critics
    Selected Poems (1950), National Book Award
    "The Basis of Faith in Art" (1954), by Williams
    "For William Carlos Williams" (1960), by Galway Kinnell
    Pictures from Brueghal (1963), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
    "Understanding Poetry, by William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens" (1987),
      by William Stafford
    "To William Carlos Williams" (1988), by Richard Eberhart
    "Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams" (2005), by Kenneth Koch: parody
    "The Influence of William Carlos Williams" (2009), poem by Michael J. Bugeja
    24 critics discuss Williams

Wilson, Harriet E. (1825-1900), Our Nig (1859), first novel by a black American woman: commentary by 2

Winters, Yvor (1900-1968), very influential Neoclassical Modernist poet, moralist, theorist, and New Critic
      promoted women poets, discovered J. V. Cunningham, N. Scott Momaday, Thom Gunn & others
    Introduction to Winters
    Poetry as moral statement (1937), Winters: excerpts
    Neoclassicism
    Imagism
    Modernism
    "The Mule Corral" (1921): analysis
    "To a Young Writer" (1930): analysis
    "To Emily Dickinson" (1931): analysis
    "The Slow Pacific Swell" (1931): analysis by 3 critics
    "The Journey, Snake River Country" (1931): analysis
    "Before Disaster" (1932-33): analysis by 3 critics
    "Dedication for a Book of Criticism" (1934): analysis by 2 critics
    "On Teaching the Young" (1934): analysis by 2 critics
    "A Testament to One Now a Child" (1937): analysis by 3 critics
    "To a Portrait of Melville in My Library" (1937): analysis
    "To the Holy Spirit" (1946): analysis by 4 critics
    Edwin Arlington Robinson (1946): valuable insights of a comparable poet
    "An Ode on the Despoilers of Learning in an American University 1947 (1947)
    In Defense of Reason (1947), three volumes of literary criticism
    Collected Poems (1952): influenced by Imagism
    The Function of Criticism: Problems and Exercises (1957)
    Collected Poems, revised and expanded (1960): Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1960)
    "The Brink of Darkness" (1965), his only short story: analysis by 2 critics
    Forms of Discovery (1967)
    Uncollected Essays (1973)
    "To Yvor Winters" (1955), Thom Gunn (British)
    30 critics discuss Winters

Winthrop, John (1587-1649): led Puritans to New England in 1630
    16 quotations from Journal (1636-38), featuring the trial of Anne Hutchinson:
      love, liberty, Democracy, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Anne Hutchinson, acts of God,
      parallel of Puritans to Israelites, life in the colony, snake in the meeting house!
    Puritanism
    Calvinism
    Anne Hutchinson

Wister, Owen (1860-1938), The Virginian (1902), classic western: analysis by 5 critics

Wolfe, Thomas (1900-1938): verbose Romantic southern novelist popular with the young
    Introduction to Wolfe
    "The Torrents of Wolfe: Thomas Wolfe" (2000), Elizabeth Hardwick
    Look Homeward, Angel (1929): analysis by 6 critics
    Of Time and the River (1935): analysis by 4 critics
    The Web and the Rock (1939): analysis by 3 critics
    You Can't Go Home Again (1940): analysis by 3 critics
    Wolfe to F. Scott Fitzgerald on economy in the novel (1937)
    22 critics discuss Wolfe

Wolfe, Tom (1930-2018) popular conservative journalist and novelist with flamboyant early style
    Hip Pastoralism
    Postmodernism: Countercultural Fiction
    The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968), satire of Ken Kesey's hip prankster bus trip: analysis
    Bonfire of the Vanities (1987), indictment of Political Correctness was filmed: analysis

"Women Writers" in the 19th century: anecdote

Women's fiction before the Civil War: Feminist critics quoted
    Victorianism

Wood, Sally (1897-1985): writer, translator, editor, nurse, friend and consultant to Caroline Gordon
    Murder of a Novelist (1941): detective novel
    Death in Lord Byron's Room (1948): detective novel
    Editor, The Southern Mandarins: Letters of Caroline Gordon to Sally Wood, 1924-1937 (1984)

Woolf, Virginia (1882-1941): British Modernist on transcending gender (1929): quotation
    Influence on feminism in American literature: transcendental feminism

Woolman, John (1720-1772): mystical Quaker & anti-slavery crusader
    pastoralism
    transcendentalism
    The Journal of John Woolman, 1720-72 (1774): vision of divine light

Wright, James (1927-1980), Collected Poems (1972), Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Wright, Richard (1908-1960): first major black American novelist
    Introduction to Wright
    Naturalism
    Native Son (1940), landmark expression of black rage: analysis by 8 critics
    William Faulkner encourages Richard Wright (1945)
    11 critics discuss Wright

Wylie, Elinor (1885-1928), "Puritan Sonnet": analysis





       

--- Remainder Under Construction, Please check back soon